Investigating the story of Noah’s Flood according to Qur'anic verses and archaeological researches | ||
| Journal of Interdisciplinary Qur'anic Studies | ||
| دوره 1، شماره 1، شهریور 2022، صفحه 129-153 اصل مقاله (1.83 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.37264/jiqs.v1i1.8 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Mozhgan Khanmoradi* 1؛ Narjes Tavakoli Mohamadi2 | ||
| 1Assistant professor, Department of Archeology, University of Tehran | ||
| 2Ph.D. in Quran and Hadith studies, University of Tehran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| One meaning of the word āyah in Qur’anic context refers to a sign, which is a divine miracle as attested in verse (Q.54:15): Certainly We have left it as a sign; so, is there anyone who will be admonished? The verse refers to the story of Noah’s Ark and his nation’s penalty, which is presented as a sign for posterity. There are various perspectives among interpreters about the reference of pronoun it in the verse, depending on whose antecedent, the verse can be considered as one of the verses expressing divine miracles. The present study tries to investigate the aforementioned verse and its miraculous aspects through an interdisciplinary method between the Qur’an and archaeology. Based on conducted studies, the word āyah implies to Noah’s Ark or the Flood phenomenon and rescuing a few of his nation who are the only survivors of humankind. Given archaeological studies, there is no certain evidence yet to confirm the remains of the Noah’s Ark and the verse cannot thus be considered as a scientific miracle. As a result, the miraculous aspect of the verse indicates giving notice of the unseen which is verified in verse (Q.11:49). | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Noah؛ flood؛ Noah’s Ark؛ archaeological researches | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| بررسی داستان طوفان نوح(ع) به استناد آیات قرآنی و پژوهشهای باستانشناسی | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| مژگان خانمرادی1؛ نرجس توکلی محمدی2 | ||
| 1استادیار باستانشناسی، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2دکترای علوم قرآن و حدیث، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| یکی از معانی واژه«آیه» در گفتمان قرآن نشانهای است که بر یکی از «معجزات» الهی دلالت دارد چنانکه در آیه 15 سوره قمر"وَلَقَد تَّرَکْنَاهَا آیَة فَهَلْ مِن مُّدَّکِر" که به داستان کشتی نوح(ع) و عذاب قوم ایشان اشاره دارد، نشانهای برای آیندگان معرفی کرده است. در میان مفسران دیدگاههای مختلفی درباره مرجع ضمیر«ها» وجود دارد. براین اساس بسته به اینکه ضمیر «ها» به چه چیزی بازگردد، این آیه را میتوان در زمره آیاتی دانست که یکی از معجزات الهی را بیان میکند. در این راستا در مقاله حاضر با اتخاذ روش بینرشتهای میان قرآن و باستانشناسی، در پیآنیم که معجزه بودن آیه مذکور و وجوه اعجاز آنرا بررسی کنیم. بر اساس پژوهشهای صورتگرفته واژه «آیه» به کشتی نوح(ع) یا واقعه طوفان و نجات معدودی از قوم نوح(ع) اشاره دارد که تنها بازماندگان نوع بشر بودهاند. از آنجا که طبق پژوهشهای باستانشناسی، هنوز مدرک قطعی مبنی بر باقیماندن اثری از کشتی نوح یافت نشده است، نمیتوان اعجاز آیه را از نوع علمی برشمرد. از این رو، وجه اعجاز آیه تنها از «اخبار از غیب» است که آیه 49 سوره هود نیز آنرا تایید میکند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| حضرت نوح(ع), طوفان, کشتی نوح, پژوهشهای باستانشناسی | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
The Holy Qur’an, transl. A. Q. Qara’i. al-‘Ayyāshī, Muḥammad ibn Masʿūd (2001). Kitāb al-Tafsīr. Tehran: Elmīye. Abū al-Fidā’ (1970). Taqwīm al-Buldān, transl. Āyatī. Tehran: Bonyade Farhange Iran. Abū Ḥanīfah Dīnwarī, Aḥmad ibn Dā’ūd (1989). Qom: Akhbār al-Ṭiwāl. Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (1984). Āthār al-Bāqīyah ʿan al-Qurūn al-Khalīyah, transl. Dānāseresht. Tehran: Amirkabir. Afrasiabpour, A.A. (2002). Historical Geography of Nahavand. Qom: Zuheyr. Ainsworth, W. (1842). Travels and researches In Asia Minor Mesopotamia, Vol. II, Chaldea, and Armenia. J. W., London: Parker. al-Ālusī, Sayyid Maḥmūd (1994). Rūḥ al-Maʿānī fī Tafsīr al-Qur’an al-ʿAẓīm. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. Bahār, M.T. (Ed). Mujmal al-Tawārīkh wa al-Qaṣaṣ. Tehran: Kolaleye Khavar. Bailey, L.R. (1977). Wood from Mount Ararat: Noah’s Ark? The Biblical Archaeologist, 40(4), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209528 Bailey, L.R. (1978). Where is Noah’s Ark. Nashville, NY: Abingdon Press. Başaran, C., Vedat, K. and Geissler, R. (2008). Mount Ararat Archaeological Survey. The Bible and Spade, 21(3), 70-96. al-Bayḍāwī, ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUmar (1997). Anwār al-Tanzīl wa Asrār al-Ta’wīl. Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī. Bayyūmī Mihrān, M. (2004). Dirāsāt Ta’rīkhīyah min al-Qur’an al-Karīm, transl. Rastgou. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. Bell, G.L. (2002). Amurath to Amurath. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias. Bender, F. (2006). Wood Remains from the Landing Site of Noah’s Ark Nearly 6500 Years Old. The Bible and Spade, 19(4), 113-114. Berlitz, C. (1991). The Lost Ship of Noah: In Search of the Ark at Ararat, transl. Eslamlou. Tehran: Kushesh. Bīāzar Shīrāzī, ‘A. (2001). Archeology and Historical Geography of Qur’anic Stories. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Farhange Eslami. Burkhardt, G. (2004). Introduction to the Epic of Gilgamesh, transl. Monshizade. Tehran: Akhtarān. Collins, L.G. (1996). Bogus Noah’s Ark from Turkey Exposed as a Common Geologic Structure. Journal of Geosciences Education, 44, 439-444. https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-44.4.439 Cornuke, R. & Halbrook, D. (2001). In Search of the Lost Mountains of Noah: The Discovery of the REAL Mountains of Ararat. Nashville, TN. Broadman and Holman. Cornuke, R. viewed 2005. Ark Fever: The True Story of One Man’s Search for Noah’s Ark. Wheaton, IL :Tyndale House. Cornuke, R. (viewed 2005). http://www.baseinstitute.org/noah.html Crouse, B. & Franz, G. (2006). Mount Cudi: The True Mountain of Noah’s Ark. The Bible and Spade, 19(4), 99-112. Crouse, B. (1992). Noah’s Ark: Its Final Berth. Archaeology and Biblical Research, 5(3), 66-77. Dwight, H.G.O. (1855). Armenian Traditions about Mount Ararat. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 5 (1855–1856), 189–191. https://doi.org/10.2307/592222 al-Farāhīdī, al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad (1988). Kitāb al-ʿAyn. Qom: Hejrat. Fasold, D.F. (1988). The Ark of Noah. New York: Knightsbridge. Franz, G. (2013). Report on the International and Judi Mountain Symposium. Sirnak Turkey, http://www.biblearchaeology.org/research.aspx Franz, G., Crouse, B., & Geissler, R., 2008, Critique of 2008 Video Tape, BASE Institute of Colorado Springs, www.noahsarksearch.com/ Cornuke_The_Search_For_Noah’s_Ark_DVD_Review.pdf Groebli, A. (1999). Another Iranian Location, In Corbin, B.J. (Ed). The Explorers of Ararat. Long Beach, California: Great Commission Illustrated Books. Habermehl, A. (2008). A Review of the Search for Noah’s Ark. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Creationism, 485–502. Pittsburgh, PA: Creation Science Fellowship and Dallas, TX: Institute for Creation Research. al-Ḥamawī, Yāqūt. (1988). Muʿjam al-Buldān. Beirut: Dār Beirut. Hannink, R. (1975). Is Noah’s flood a historical fact? transl. Khorasani. The Journal of Gohar, 30, 499-503. Hawkes, J.W. (1998). Persian Bible Dictionary. Tehran: Asāṭīr. Heidel, A. (1949). The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels. Chicago: University of Chicago. Hill, C.A. (2001). A Time and a Place for Noah. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 53(1), 24-40. Hill, C.A. (2002). The Noachian Flood: Universal or Local? Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 54(3), 170-183. Ibn ʿĀshūr, Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭāhir (1999). al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr. Beirut: Mu’aasassah al-Ta’rīkh al-ʿArabī. Ibn Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn ‘Alī (1992). al-Kāmil. Tehran: Elmi. Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allah (1986). al-Riḥlah, ed. Beirut: ‘Abd al-Munʿim ʿUryān. Ibn Faqīh, Abūbakr ibn Aḥmad, 1970, al-Buldān, transl. Masʿūd, Tehran: Bonyad farhang Iran. Ibn ʿIbrī, Abū al-Faraj (1998). Ta’rīkh Mukhtaṣar al-Duwal, transl. Āyati. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (1907). The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, ed. de Goeje. Leiden: Brill. Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram (1993). Lisān al-ʿArab, ed. Mīrdāmādī, J. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr/Dār Ṣādir. Ibn Qutaybah, ʿAbd Allah (1978). Tafsīr Gharīb al-Qur’an, ed. Aḥmad Ṣaqr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah. Iṣfahānī, Ḥamzah ibn Ḥasan (1988). Ta’rīkh Sanī Mulūk al-Arḍ wa al-Anbīyā’, transl. Jaʻfar Shuʻār. Tehran: Amīrkabīr. Iṣṭakhrī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ‘Abd al-ʿAzīz (1992). al-Masālik wa al-Mamālik, ed. Tunisia: Van Leeuwen & Terré. Jayhānī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad (1989). Ashkāl al-ʿĀlam, transl. ‘Abd al-Salām Kātib, Tehran: Fīrūz Manṣūrī. Kramer, S.N. (1956). History Begins at Sumer. New York: Doubleday. Lahaye, T. & Morris, J.D. (1977). The Ark on Ararat. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. Lanser, R.D. & Div, Jr. M. (2008). An Armenian Perspective on the Search for Noah’s Ark. Annual Meeting of the Near East Archaeological Society, November, San Diego, California. Lanser, R.D. (2006). The Case for Ararat. The Bible and Spade, 19(4), 114-120. Majidzadeh, Yousof (1997), History and Civilization of Mesopotamia. Tehran: Markaze Nashre Daneshgahi. Mallowan, M.E.L. (1964). Noah’s Flood Reconsidered. Iraq, 26(2), 62-82. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199766 Mallowan, M.E.L. (1971). Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia. In Edwards, I.E.S. et al, (Ed). Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521077910.007 al-Maqdisī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (1982). Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Maʿrifat al-Aqālīm, transl. Vaziri. Tehran: Shekate Moallefan va Motarjemane Iran. al-Masʿūdī, ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn (1995). Murūj al-Dhahab wa Maʿādin al-Jawāhir, transl. Payandeh. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. al-Masʿūdī, ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn (2002). al-Tanbīh wa al-Ishrāf, transl. Payandeh. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. Montgomery, J. W. (1972). The Quest for Noah’s Ark. Minneapolis: Dimension Books. al-Muṣṭafawī, Ḥ. (1981). al-Taḥqīq fī Kalimāt al-Qur’an al-Karīm. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. Navarra, F. (1974). Noah’s Ark, I Touched It, ed. Dave Balsiger, transl. Richard Utt. Plainfield, NJ: Logos International. Plotrovsky, B. (1969). The Ancient Civilization of Urartu, transl. Hogarth, J. New York: Cowles Book. al-Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā ibn Muḥammad (1994). Āthār al-Bilād wa Akhbār al-ʿIbād, transl. Mirzaqajar. Tehran: Amirkabir. al-Qommī, ‘Alī ibn Ibrāhīm (1983). Tafsīr al-Qommī. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb. Qurashī, S.ʻA.A. (1992). Qāmūs Qur’an. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islamiyah. al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad (1991). Mufradāt Alfāẓ al-Qur’an. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam. Raikes, R.L. (1966). The Physical Evidence for Noah’s Flood. Iraq, 28(1), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199795 Rawlinson, H. (1983). Rawlinson Travelogue, transl. Amanullahi. Tehran: Agah. al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar (1999). Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb. Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. Rohl, D. (1998). Legend, The Genesis of Civilization, A Test of Time, vol. 2. London: Century Random House. Sale, G. (1734). The Koran, Translated into English, with Explanatory Notes from the Most Approved Commentators. London: Ackers. al-Shābashtī, ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad (1986). al-Dīyārāt. Beirut: Kūrkīs ‘Awwād. Snelling, A. (1992). Amazing Ark Exposé. Creation, 14(4), 26–38. Sotoudeh, M. (Ed). (1974). Ṣuwar al-Aqālīm. Tehran: Bonyade Farhange Iran. Spencer, L. & Lienard, J.L. (2005). The Search for Noah’s Ark, viewed 28 December 2007 from http://origins.swau.edu/papers/global/noah/default. html al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn (1983). al-Durr al-Manthūr fī Tafsīr al-Ma’thūr. Qom: Ketābkhāneye Ayatollah Marʿashīye Najafī. Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr (1996). Ta’rīkh al-Ṭabarī, transl. Pāyandeh. Tehran: Asāṭīr. Tabataba’i, M.Ḥ. (1996). al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’an. Qom: Jāmiʿah Mudarrisīn. al-Ṭabrisī, Faḍl ibn Ḥasan (1993). Majmaʿ al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’an. Tehran: Nasir Khosro. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan (2010). al-Tibyān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’an. Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. Woolley, C.L. (1930). Digging Up the Past. London: E. Benn. Woolley, C.L. (1938). Ur of the Chaldees. New York: Penguin. al-Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad ibn Abī Yaʿqūb (1992). Ta’rīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, transl. Āyatī. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. Young, D.A. (1995). The Biblical Flood: A Case Study of the Churchs Response to Extrabiblical Evidence, Michigan: Paternoster: Grand Rapids. al-Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar (1986). al-Kashshāf ʿan Ḥaqā’iq Ghawāmiḍ al-Tanzīl. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī. Zimansky, P. (1985). Ecology and Empire: The Structure of Urartian State. Chicago: University of Chicago. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,802 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,602 |
||