1گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
2استاد گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.
3گروه آمار، دانشکده علوم ریاضی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
4گروه مهندسى پزشکى،دانشکده فنى و مهندسى دانشگاه آزاد اسلامى مشهد
چکیده
هدف: هدف تحقیق بررسی تاثیر دستورالعملهای توجهی بر حافظه حس حرکت و تغییرات امواج آلفا و تتا در بسکتبالیستهای حرفهای بود. روشها: 36 پسر ورزشکار به صورت تصادفی به سه گروه توجه درونی، بیرونی و گواه تقسیم شدند. طرح پژوهشی نیمه آزمایشی به صورت پیشآزمون- پسآزمون بود. ابزارهای اندازهگیریشامل پرسشنامههای ارزیابی آمادگی و ادینبورگ، دستگاه هماهنگی، الکتروانسفالوگراف و آزمون ایفرد بود. در پیش آزمون، حس حرکت، پرتاب آزاد و 5 دقیقه چشم بسته امواج مغزی آزمایش شد. در مرحله اکتساب20 کوشش آزمون هماهنگی را در هریک از 4 شرایط تمرینی انجام دادند. گروه توجه درونی حین انجام حرکت به اندام مورد نظر و گروه توجه بیرونی به هدف و زاویه انجام حرکت توجه میکردند. آزمون یادداری یک روز و انتقال دو روز بعد از آزمون اکتساب صورت گرفت. نتایج: تمرین حس حرکت، پیشرفت معناداری داشت. اثرات تعاملی با گروه معنادار بود، نتایج درون گروهی در تمام مراحل نشان داد که جلسات تمرین در امواج تتا و آلفا معنادار بود. نتیجهگیری: نتایج حاصله از فرضیه عمل محدود شده و فرضیه پردازش آگاهانه پشتیبانی میکند یعنی توجه خارجی نیاز به توجه کمتری نسبت به توجه داخلی دارد و افزایش غیر بهینه موج آلفا در نتیجه توجه درونی، منجر به تضعیف عملکرد میشود. کاهش آلفا منجر به افزایش پردازش حسی اطلاعات و بهبود عملکرد میشود.
1Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
3Associate Professor, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
4Isalamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch
چکیده [English]
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of attention instructions on kinesthesia of memory, alpha, and theta wave changes in professional basketball players. Method: Thirty-six male athletes were randomly assigned into three groups: internal attention, external attention, and control. A quasi-experimental research design with a pretest-posttest design including experimental and control groups was applied. In the pre-test, kinesthesia of memory, free throw, and 5-blinded brain waves on baseline were measured. In the acquisition phase, participants performed 20 attempts on the coordination test under four conditions (40-40°, 80-80°, 40-80°, 80-40°). The internal attention group focused on the movement of their limbs while moving, while the external attention group focused on the purpose and angle of movement. The retention test was conducted one day later, and the transfer test was conducted two days after the acquisition test. Results: Practicing a sense of movement showed significant progress. There were also significant interactive effects with the group. The results within each group showed that the effect of training sessions on theta and alpha waves was significant. Conclusion: The results support the constrained action hypothesis and the conscious processing hypothesis, suggesting that external focus requires less attention than internal focus. The non-optimal increase of alpha waves resulting from internal attention led to performance impairment. The decrease in alpha waves also led to increased sensory processing of information and improved performance.
کلیدواژهها [English]
Brain Waves, Bimanual Coordination, Sensory Information Processing, Limited Operation Hypothesis, Kinesthesia of Memory
مراجع
Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. International Review of sport and Exercise psychology. 2013;6(1):77-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2012.723728
Vidal A, Wu W, Nakajima M, Becker J. Investigating the constrained action hypothesis: a movement coordination and coordination variability approach. Journal of motor behavior. 2018;50(5):528-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2017.1371111
Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychonomic bulletin & review. 2016;23(5):1382-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0999-9
Naderirad N, Jaberi Moghadam AA, Tahmasebi Borojeni S. The effect of attentional focus on suprapostural task on learning of postural control in boys from 9 to 12 Years Old. Sports Psychology. 2018;3(2):57-68. In Persian 10.48308/MBSP.3.2.57
Chow JY, Koh M, Davids K, Button C, Rein R. Effects of different instructional constraints on task performance and emergence of coordination in children. European journal of sport science. 2014;14(3):224-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.780097
McMorris T. Acquisition and performance of sports skills: John Wiley & Sons; 2014.
Aghdaei M, Abdoli B, Divjan SM. The effect of manipulation of vision and proprioceptive senses in different ages of childhood on the transition time of the relative phase in bimanual coordination task. Sports Psychology. 2021; 5(2):43-56. In Persian 10.48308/MBSP.5.2.43
Panzer S, Kennedy D, Leinen P, Pfeifer C, Shea C. Bimanual coordination associated with left-and right-hand dominance: testing the limb assignment and limb dominance hypothesis. Experimental Brain Research. 2021;239(5):1595-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06082-z
Hardwick RM, Rottschy C, Miall RC, Eickhoff SB. A quantitative meta-analysis and review of motor learning in the human brain. Neuroimage. 2013;67:283-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.020
Wang C, Kennedy DM, Panzer S, Shea CH. Intentional switching between bimanual coordination patterns. Journal of motor behavior. 2018;50(5):538-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2017.1375453
Clayton MS, Yeung N, Kadosh RC. The roles of cortical oscillations in sustained attention. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2015;19(4):188-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.004
Cona G, Chiossi F, Di Tomasso S, Pellegrino G, Piccione F, Bisiacchi P, et al. Theta and alpha oscillations as signatures of internal and external attention to delayed intentions: A magnetoencephalography (MEG) study. NeuroImage. 2020; 205: 116295.
Frey JN, Ruhnau P, Weisz N. Not so different after all: The same oscillatory processes support different types of attention. Brain research. 2015;1626:183-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.017
Rihs TA, Michel CM, Thut G. Mechanisms of selective inhibition in visual spatial attention are indexed by α‐band EEG synchronization. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;25(2):603-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05278.x
Boisgontier MP, Cheval B, van Ruitenbeek P, Cuypers K, Leunissen I, Sunaert S, et al. Cerebellar gray matter explains bimanual coordination performance in children and older adults. Neurobiology of Aging. 2018;65:109-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.016
Veale JF. Edinburgh handedness inventory–short form: a revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition. 2014;19(2):164-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1357650x.2013.783045
Moradi M. Hasanvand B. Sohrabi M. Studying the relationship between imagery and sport success with kinesthesia memory in male athlete college students. Journal of motor and behavioral sciences. 2018;1(1):3-11. In Persian
Sherwood DE. Spatial Assimilation Effects in Sequential Movements: Effects of Parameter Value Switching and Practice Organization. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2008;40(3):232-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jmbr.40.3.232-245
Swain A, Jones G. Effects of Goal-Setting Interventions on Selected Basketball Skills: A Single-Subject Design. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1995;66(1):51-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1995.10607655
Krajenbrink H, van Abswoude F, Vermeulen S, van Cappellen S, Steenbergen B. Motor learning and movement automatization in typically developing children: The role of instructions with an external or internal focus of attention. Human movement science. 2018;60:183-90.
Chen C. The effect of an external and internal focus of attention on EMG, acceleration, and dart throwing with a secondary task. Unpublished Honors Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder. 2018.
Bagherzadeh Y, Baldauf D, Pantazis D, Desimone R. Alpha synchrony and the neurofeedback control of spatial attention. Neuron. 2020;105(3):577-87. e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.001
Van der Lubbe RH, Bundt C, Abrahamse EL. Internal and external spatial attention examined with lateralized EEG power spectra. Brain research. 2014;1583:179-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.007
Tanaka M, Ishii A, Watanabe Y. Effects of mental fatigue on brain activity and cognitive performance: a magnetoencephalography study. Anat Physiol. 2015;4:1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.s4-002