تحلیل تاثیرات اینترنت بر اصل محلهمحوری شهر ایرانی- اسلامی با رویکرد فراترکیب | ||
توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی | ||
مقاله 2، دوره 6، شماره 11، اسفند 1403، صفحه 21-40 اصل مقاله (717.03 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/sdge.2024.232829.1146 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
مرتضی میرغلامی* ؛ پریسا هاشم پور؛ رسول حق بیان | ||
گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
محلهمحوری یکی از اصول اساسی شهرسازی ایرانی- اسلامی و از عوامل پایداری شهرهای آن بوده که امروزه تحتتاثیر عوامل مختلفی تضعیفشده است. تحقق این اصل علاوه بر انطباق با اندیشه اسلامی با رویکردهای جهانی شهرسازی مخصوصا در حوزه پایداری همسویی دارد. از طرفی در چنددهه اخیر، بهتدریج بهواسطه تغییرات شرایط ناشی از پیشرفت اینترنت و فضای مجازی، شهرها و محلات آن با وضعیت جدیدی روبرو هستند که این موضوع بر تحقق اصل محلهمحوری شهر ایرانی- اسلامی تاثیرگذار است. بر این اساس پژوهش حاضر قصد دارد تا ضمن استخراج و تبیین مولفههای اساسی محلهمحوری ایرانی- اسلامی، وضعیت این مولفهها را از حیث اهمیت و امکانپذیری در عصر اینترنت بسنجد. این پژوهش بر اساس کلانروش کیفی فراترکیب بوده که در مراحل مختلف خود از کدگذاری دادهها بر حسب مضامین و استدلال منطقی نیز جهت استخراج، تحلیل و تفسیر یافتهها بهره میگیرد. طبق یافتهها، از میان سه مولفه اساسی محلهمحوری ایرانی- اسلامی، تاثیر اینترنت بر مولفه خودیاری و حکمروایی محلی ضمن متحولکنندهبودن، عمدتا مثبت و تسهیلگرانه است، مولفه خودکفایی نسبی عملکردی محله دیگر کمتر در عصر اینترنت مورد نیاز میشود و مولفه روابط همسایگی و همیاری محلی نیز علیرغم حفظ ضرورت در این عصر، امکانپذیری کمتری را بهجهت کاهش کیفیت روابط اجتماعی و همسایگی محلی خواهد داشت. در مجموع به علت اینکه اساس و پایه محله ایرانی- اسلامی و محلهمحوری آن بر بعد اجتماعی و روابط اجتماعی، در قالب روابط همسایگی متکی است، تحقق محلهمحوری ایرانی- اسلامی در عصر اینترنت سختتر و پیچیدهتر از گذشته بوده و امکان تنزل دارد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
محله؛ محله محوری شهر ایرانی؛ اسلامی؛ فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات؛ اینترنت | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Analysis of the Internet effects on the neighborhood-base principle of the Iranian-Islamic city with Meta synthesis approach | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Morteza Mirgholami؛ Parisa Hashempour؛ Rasool Haghbayan | ||
Department of Urbanism, Tabriz University of Islamic Art, Tabriz, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Background and purpose: Today, neighborhood-based has been weakened and neglected due to the influence of various factors. On the other hand, in the last few decades, due to the changes in the conditions caused by the development of the Internet and cyberspace, cities and their neighborhoods are facing a new situation, which affects the realization of the principle of the Iranian-Islamic city. Based on this, the current research intends to extract and explain the basic components of the Iranian-Islamic neighborhoods-based, and measure the status of these components in terms of their importance and feasibility in the Internet age. Methodology: The information in this research is documented and based on books, articles, research plans, and other authentic written documents related to the main keywords of the research. First, to measure the acceptability of the Iranian-Islamic neighborhoods based on the age of the Internet, the basic components of the Iranian-Islamic neighborhoods-based are identified, then the status of these components in this era is analyzed based on the available global sources. The research method to perform the mentioned process is based on the meta-synthesis qualitative method, which integrates and combines the findings of a series of related qualitative studies and interprets their results and findings. In addition, in the various meta- synthesis stages of this research, data coding according to themes and logical reasoning was used to extract, analyze and interpret the findings. Findings and discussion: According to the findings, the Iranian-Islamic neighborhood-based in the functional dimension that monitors the relative functional self-sufficiency reduces the necessity of its existence in the age of the Internet, and its realization in a neighborhood is highly dependent on the conditions of the neighborhood in terms of the physicality of the neighborhood or the internet activity status of people in the neighborhood. The Iranian-Islamic neighborhood-based in the social dimension, which is mainly focused on neighborly relations, its gap and serious lack is also felt in the age of the Internet. However, the Internet can have serious negative effects on neighborhood relations due to the change in people's living conditions and the transfer of a large part of social relations to social networks. Another point is that there are difficult and complex challenges and issues such as maintaining and strengthening face-to-face relations in this field, which makes it difficult to improve and strengthen neighborhood relations with the characteristics of an Islamic city in this era. The neighborhood-based in management dimension in the form of self-help and local governance can also have a suitable situation in the age of the Internet, while increasing the necessity, due to the capacity of this technology to increase transparency, participation and efficiency of urban management, and the problems and challenges of this area can be solved more than in the past. Conclusion: Overall, because the foundation and basis of the Iranian-Islamic neighborhood and its neighborhood-based are rooted in the social dimension and social relations, in the form of neighborhood relations, the realization of an Iranian-Islamic neighborhood in the internet age is more difficult and intricate than before and may face decline. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
neighborhood, Iranian-Islamic neighborhood-base, information and communication technology, Internet | ||
مراجع | ||
Afzalan, N., and Evans-Cowley, J., 2015. Planning and social media: Facebook for planning at the neighbourhood scale. Planning Practice and Research, 30(3), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2015.1052943. Alizadeh, T., 2009. Urban design in the digital age: a literature review of telework and wired communities. Journal of Urbanism, 2(3), 195-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549170903056789. Ansari, A., 2002. The Social Status of Neighborhood in Islamic Cities with Emphasis on Isfahan, University of Isfahan Research Journal, (1), 15-26. https://www.sid.ir/paper/24884/fa. (In Persian) Arranz-López, A., and Soria-Lara, J. A., 2022. ICT use and spatial fragmentation of activity participation in post-COVID-19 urban societies. Land use policy, 120, 106302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106302. Ashton, H., and Thorns, D. C., 2007. The role of information communications technology in retrieving local community. City and Community, 6(3), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00214.x. Beckers, D., van Gent, W., Iedema, J., and de Haan, J., 2005. Effects of ICT on social cohesion: The Cyburg case. In Digital Cities III. Information Technologies for Social Capital: Cross-cultural Perspectives: Third International Digital Cities Workshop, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 18-19, 2003. Revised Selected Papers 3 (pp. 391-406). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11407546_24. Biki Tafti, H., and Jalili Sadrabad, S. (2022). Strategic Planning for the Development of Urban Neighborhoods Using the Principles of Iranian-Islamic Urban Planning and the Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) Approach; Case Study: Fahadan No Neighborhood, Yazd. Journal of Islamic Architecture Research, 10(35), 17-44. https://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1538-fa.html. (In Persian) Bradshaw, T. K., 2008. The post-place community: Contributions to the debate about the definition of community. Community Development, 39(1), 5-16. Breek, P., Hermes, J., Eshuis, J., and Mommaas, H., 2018. The role of social media in collective processes of place making: A study of two neighborhood blogs in Amsterdam. City and Community, 17(3), 906-924. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12312. Candiotto, L., 2022. Extended loneliness. When hyperconnectivity makes us feel alone. Ethics and Information Technology, 24(4), 47. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-022-09669-4. Capece, G., and Costa, R., 2013. The new neighbourhood in the internet era: network communities serving local communities. Behaviour and Information Technology, 32(5), 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2011.610825. Carroll, J. M., Shih, P. C., Kropczynski, J., Cai, G., Rosson, M. B., andand Han, K., 2017. The Internet of Places at community-scale: design scenarios for hyperlocal neighborhood. In Enriching urban spaces with ambient computing, the Internet of Things, and smart city design (pp. 1-24). IGI Global. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0827-4.ch001. Castells, M., 1999. Grassrooting the space of flows. Urban Geography, 20(4), 294-302. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2747/0272-3638.20.4.294. Castells, M., 2002. The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business, and society. Oxford University Press on Demand. Cheshmehzangi, A., 2022. ICT, Cities, and Reaching Positive Peace. Springer Nature. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-3167-3. Clifford, J. S., 2002. Transcending locality-driven lifestyles: The potential of the Internet to redefine neighborhood patterns. Harvard University. De Filippi, F., and Balbo, R., 2011. Planning for real: ICT as a tool in urban regeneration. The Built and Human Environment Review, 4(1), 67-73. http://tbher.org/index.php/tbher/article/view/44. De Meulenaere, J., Courtois, C., Walrave, M., Pauwels, L. J., Hardyns, W., and Ponnet, K., 2022. Exploring the user base of online neighborhood networks: determinants of online neighborhood network membership and uses. Journal of Urban Technology, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2022.2100211. De Souza e Silva, A., and Frith, J., 2010. Locative mobile social networks: Mapping communication and location in urban spaces. Mobilities, 5(4), 485-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2010.510332. Driskell, R. B., and Lyon, L., 2002. Are virtual communities true communities? Examining the environments and elements of community. City and Community, 1(4), 373-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6040.00031. Evans-Cowley, J., and Hollander, J., 2010. The new generation of public participation: Internet-based participation tools. Planning Practice and Research, 25(3), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2010.503432. Ghonimi, I. G., 2021. Smart City: A Question of Social Sustainability in Urban Spaces? Assessing The Impacts of ICT on Changing Urban Behavioral Patterns in Urban Spaces of Madinaty, Egypt. Journal of Urban Research, 42(1), 70-96. 10.21608/jur.2021.57015.1047. Giannoumis, G. A., and Joneja, N., 2022. Citizen Participation and ICT for Urban Development in Oslo. In Citizen Participation in the Information Society: Comparing Participatory Channels in Urban Development (pp. 97-116). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-99940-7_5. Gibbons, J., 2020. “Placing” the relation of social media participation to neighborhood community connection. Journal of Urban Affairs, 42(8), 1262-1277. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1792311. Goodspeed, R., 2017. Community and urban places in a digital world. City and Community. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12218. Graham, S., and Marvin, S., 2002. Telecommunications and the city: Electronic spaces, urban places. Routledge. Gün, A., Demir, Y., and Pak, B., 2019. Urban design empowerment through ICT-based platforms in Europe. International journal of urban sciences, 24(2), 189-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2019.1604250. Hampton, K. N., 2007. Neighborhoods in the Network Society the e-Neighbors study. Information, Communication and Society, 10(5), 714-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180701658061. Hampton, K. N., 2015. Persistent and pervasive community: New communication technologies and the future of community. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(1), 101-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215601714. Hampton, K. N., and Wellman, B., 1999. Examining community in the digital neighborhood: early results from Canada’s wired suburb. In Kyoto Workshop on Digital Cities (pp. 194-208). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-46422-0_16. Hampton, K., 2002. Place-based and IT Mediated ‘Community”. Planning Theory and Practice, 3(2), 228-231. Hampton, K., and Wellman, B., 2003. Neighboring in Netville: How the Internet supports community and social capital in a wired suburb. City and Community, 2(4), 277-311. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1535-6841.2003.00057.x. Hatuka, T., and Toch, E., 2014. The emergence of portable private-personal territory: Smartphones, social conduct and public spaces. Urban Studies, 53(10), 2192-2208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014524608. Hatuka, T., Zur, H., and Mendoza, J. A., 2020. The urban digital lifestyle: An analytical framework for placing digital practices in a spatial context and for developing applicable policy. Cities, 111, 102978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102978. Hosseini, S., and Soltani, M., 2018. Comparative Analysis of the Concept of Neighborhood in the Traditional System of Iranian Cities with Similar (Alternative) Models of the Contemporary Period, Bagh-e Nazar, 15(60), 15-28. https://www.sid.ir/paper/365182/fa. (In Persian) Hubers, C., Schwanen, T., and Dijst, M., 2008. ICT and temporal fragmentation of activities: an analytical framework and initial empirical findings. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 99(5), 528-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2008.00490.x. Johnson, B. J., and Halegoua, G. R., 2014. Potential and challenges for social media in the neighborhood context. Journal of Urban Technology, 21(4), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.971528. Kellerman, A., 2009. The end of spatial reorganization? Urban landscapes of personal mobilities in the information age. Journal of Urban Technology, 16(1), 47-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630730903076510. Kellerman, A., 2016. Geographic interpretations of the internet. Springer International Publishing. Kellerman, A., 2019. The Internet city: people, companies, systems and vehicles. Edward Elgar Publishing. Kellerman, A., and Paradiso, M., 2007. The Geographical location in the information age: from destiny to opportunity?. GeoJournal, 70, 195-211. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10708-008-9131-2. Kim, Y. C., and Shin, E. K., 2016. Localized use of information and communication technologies in Seoul’s urban neighborhoods. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(1), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215601713. Kleinhans, R., Van Ham, M., and Evans-Cowley, J., 2015. Using social media and mobile technologies to foster engagement and self-organization in participatory urban planning and neighbourhood governance. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2015.1051320. Kwon, K. H., Shao, C., and Nah, S., 2020. Localized social media and civic life: Motivations, trust, and civic participation in local community contexts. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 18(1), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2020.1805086. Leary, H., and Walker, A., 2018. Meta-analysis and meta-synthesis methodologies: Rigorously piecing together research. TechTrends, 62(5), 525-534. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11528-018-0312-7. Lee, J., and Lee, H., 2010. The computer-mediated communication network: Exploring the linkage between the online community and social capital. new media and society, 12(5), 711-727. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809343568. Lenz, B., and Nobis, C., 2007. The changing allocation of activities in space and time by the use of ICT—“Fragmentation” as a new concept and empirical results. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(2), 190-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2006.03.004. Lin, Y., and Geertman, S., 2019. Can social media play a role in urban planning? A literature review. Computational Urban Planning and Management for Smart Cities 16, 69-84. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-19424-6_5. Lyons, G., Mokhtarian, P., Dijst, M., and Böcker, L., 2017. The dynamics of urban metabolism in the face of digitalization and changing lifestyles: Understanding and influencing our cities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.07.032. Madanipour, A., 2001. How Relevant Is 'Planning by Neighbourhoods' Today?, Liverpool University Press ,Vol. 72, No. 2,p.171-191. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40112446. Malecki, E. J., 2006. Cities in the Internet age. In The Emerging Digital Economy (pp. 215-237). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-34488-8_10. Maroufi, H., and Dolabi, P., 2020. Contemporary Modernization of the "Neighborhood" Concept in the Iranian City with a Focus on the Principles of Neighborhood-Based Planning, Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning, 11(19), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.169056.1168. (In Persian) Mesch, G. S., and Talmud, I., 2010. Internet connectivity, community participation, and place attachment: A longitudinal study. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(8), 1095-1110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209356243. Meshkini, A., and Rezaei Moghadam, A., 2014. Investigating the Components and Indicators of the Islamic City with Emphasis on the Role and Importance of Culture-Building in Realizing the Islamic-Iranian Urban Planning Model, Sustainable City, 1(1), 37-68. https://www.sid.ir/paper/836060/fa. (In Persian) Meshkini, A., Hamzehnejad, M., and Ghasemi, A., 2015. Conceptual Refinement and Explanation of Strategies and Indicators for Assessing the Realization of Four Principles: Mosque-Orientedness, Neighborhood-Orientedness, Introversion, and Nature-Orientedness in the Iranian-Islamic City, Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture, 3(8), 18-35. http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-270-fa.html.(In Persian) Misra, S., Cheng, L., Genevie, J., and Yuan, M., 2014. The iPhone effect: The quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices. Environment and Behavior, 48(2), 275-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514539755. Mitchell, W. J., 2003. Emerging digital neighbourhoods. In Urban villages and the making of communities (pp. 112-135). Taylor and Francis. Mokhtarian, P. L., Salomon, I., and Handy, S. L., 2006. The impacts of ICT on leisure activities and travel: a conceptual exploration. Transportation, 33(3), 263-289. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-005-2305-6. Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., and McNeal, R. S., 2008. Digital citizenship: The Internet, society, and participation. MIt Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262633536/digital-citizenship/. Pieber, D. A., and Quan-Haase, A., 2019. Up close and impersonal: Locative media and the changing nature of the networked individual in the city. In Handbook of Cities and Networks (pp. 409-426). Edward Elgar Publishing. Rahnamaei, M., Farhoudi, R., Ghalibaf, M., and Hadipour, H., 2007. Structural and Functional Evolution of Neighborhoods in Iranian Cities, Journal of the Geographical Society of Iran, 5(12 and 13), 19-43. https://www.sid.ir/paper/482395/fa. (In Persian) Rainie, H., and Wellman, B., 2012. Networked: The new social operating system (Vol. 10). Cambridge, MA: Mit Press. Reisdorf, B. C., Fernandez, L., Hampton, K. N., Shin, I., and Dutton, W. H., 2022. Mobile phones will not eliminate digital and social divides: how variation in internet activities mediates the relationship between type of internet access and local social capital in Detroit. Social Science Computer Review, 40(2), 288-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320909446. Rotondi, V., Stanca, L., and Tomasuolo, M., 2017. Connecting alone: Smartphone use, quality of social interactions and well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 63, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.09.001. Salaripour, A., Ramezani, H., Zali, N., and Safaie Karpour, M., 2018. Investigating the Quality of Neighborhood Relations within the Iranian-Islamic Neighborhood and its Role in Place Attachment: A Case Study of Saghrisazan Neighborhood in Rasht. Iranian-Islamic City Studies, 9(46), 35-47. https://www.sid.ir/paper/177415/fa. (In Persian) Sandelowski, M., and Barroso, J., 2003. Toward a metasynthesis of qualitative findings on motherhood in HIV‐positive women. Research in nursing and health, 26(2), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.10072. Schehl, B., 2020. Outdoor activity among older adults: Exploring the role of informational Internet use. Educational Gerontology, 46(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2019.1698200. Sheikhi, M., 2003. The Neighborhood Structure of the City in Islamic Lands, Quarterly Journal of Social Sciences. https://qjss.atu.ac.ir/article_5244.html. (In Persian) Soltanzadeh, M., 2020. Investigating the Capacities of the Physical and Social Environment of Historical Neighborhoods in the Formation of Social Capital. Journal of Islamic Architecture and Urbanism, 5(1), 201-216. http://ciauj-tabriziau.ir/article-1-234-fa.html. (In Persian) Sutko, D. M., and de Souza e Silva, A., 2010. Location-aware mobile media and urban sociability. New Media and Society, 13(5), 807-823. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810385202. Tayebi, A., 2013. “Communihood:” A less formal or more local form of community in the age of the internet. Journal of Urban Technology, 20(2), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2013.769317. Vogel, P., Von Mandelsloh, F., Grotherr, C., Gaidys, U., and Böhmann, T., 2020. Design and Evaluation of an Online Neighborhood Social Network for Fostering Social Connectedness and Participation: Lessons from Two Urban Neighborhoods. In ICIS. Vriens, E., and van Ingen, E., 2018. Does the rise of the Internet bring erosion of strong ties? Analyses of social media use and changes in core discussion networks. New media and society, 20(7), 2432-2449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724169. Walsh, D., and Downe, S., 2005. Meta‐synthesis method for qualitative research: a literature review. Journal of advanced nursing, 50(2), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03380.x. Wang, D., Zhou, T., and Wang, M., 2021. Information and communication technology (ICT), digital divide and urbanization: Evidence from Chinese cities. Technology in Society, 64, 101516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101516. Webber, M., 1964. The Urban Place and the Non-place Urban Realm: Explorations into Urban Structure. Routledge. Wellman, B., 2002. Little boxes, glocalization, and networked individualism. In Digital Cities II: Computational and Sociological Approaches: Second Kyoto Workshop on Digital Cities Kyoto, Japan, October 18–20, 2001 Revised Papers (pp. 10-25). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45636-8_2. Wellman, B., 2005. Community: from neighborhood to network. Communications of the ACM, 48(10), 53-55. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1089107.1089137. Willis, K. S., 2017. Netspaces: space and place in a networked world. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315562902. Wilson, B., and Chakraborty, A., 2019. Planning smart (er) cities: The promise of civic technology. Journal of Urban Technology, 26(4), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2019.1631097. Xi, G., Cao, X., and Zhen, F., 2021. How does same-day-delivery online shopping reshape social interactions among neighbors in Nanjing? .Cities, 114, 103219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103219. Yazdani, M., 2015. Neighborhood-Orientedness: Improving Urban Neighborhoods with a Modern Approach, Tisa, First Edition, Tehran, 134 pp. (In Persian( Yousefi, Z., and Dadashpoor, H., 2019. How do ICTs affect urban spatial structure? A systematic literature review. Journal of Urban Technology, 27(1), 47-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2019.1689593. Zayed, M. A., 2015. Reinventing the neighborhood theory in the information age. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 62(2), 141-163. Zimmer, L., 2006. Qualitative meta‐synthesis: a question of dialoguing with texts. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(3), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03721.x.
| ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 310 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 174 |