کنترل تجارت غیرقانونی اموال فرهنگی: حرکت ورای حقوق میراث فرهنگی به سوی نبرد بینالمللی علیه جرایم سازمانیافته فراملی | ||
فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی | ||
مقاله 3، دوره 27، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 108، بهمن 1403، صفحه 35-52 اصل مقاله (652.41 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/jlr.2024.232853.2594 | ||
نویسنده | ||
ژانت الیزابت بلک* | ||
دانشیار، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ا یران | ||
چکیده | ||
ارزش، یکی از اصلیترین هستههای حمایت از میراث فرهنگی است و این همان چیزی است که مالکیت اموال فرهنگی را اعم از مالکیت قانونی و غیرقانونی آن جذاب می نماید. تجارت اموال فرهنگی امری است که از دیرباز تا به امروز ادامه داشته است. علی رغم ظهور و تبلور حقوق میراث فرهنگی و تلاش های سازمان یونسکو در تصویب کنوانسیون ممنوعیت و جلوگیری از واردات، صادرات و انتقال غیرقانونی اموال فرهنگی 1970 کماکان از شمار تجارت غیر قانونی اموال فرهنگی در جهان کاسته نشده است و اموال فرهنگی هنوز نیز هدف تخریب، سرقت و قاچاق و تجارت غیر قانونی قرار دارند. در حال حاضر، باندهای تبهکار سازمان یافته بیشتری در تجارت اشیاء میراث فرهنگی درگیر هستند. داد و ستد اشیاء فرهنگی منبعی ضروری برای شستشوی عواید ناشی از جرم از سوی شبکه جرایم سازمان یافته است و این احتمال وجود دارد که بتوان از آن به عنوان منبع مالی برای گروه های تروریستی استفاده کرد. این تحقیق در صدد بیان این امر است کنوانسیونهای مختص حقوق میراث فرهنگی به تنهایی نمیتوانند زخمهای ناشی از غارت اموال فرهنگی را التیام بخشند از این روی از ضرورت حرکت به سوی رویکردی سخن خواهیم گفت که باید با تمرکز بر حقوق کیفری ، مقررات مربوط به پیشگیری و کنترل تجارت غیر قانونی اموال فرهنگی را تنظیم کند.رویکردی که به اعمال یاد شده علیه اموال فرهنگی به مثابه جرایم سازمان یافته ی فراملی می نگرد و در صدد حفاظت از مالکیت قانونی اموال فرهنگی است.. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
قاچاق؛ اموال فرهنگی؛ جرایم فراملی؛ حقوق میراث فرهنگی؛ حقوق کیفری | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Controlling the Illicit Trade in Cultural Property: Moving Beyond Cultural Heritage Law Towards the International Fight against Transnational Organized Crime | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Janet Blake | ||
1. Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran.Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Value is one of the main cores of cultural heritage protection and this is what makes ownership of cultural property attractive, both legal and illegal. Trade in cultural property is something that has been going on for a long time. Despite the emergence of cultural heritage law and the efforts of the UNESCO organization in ratifying the 1970 Convention on the Prohibition and Prevention of Illegal Import, Export and Transfer of Cultural Property, the number of illegal trade in cultural property in the world has not decreased and cultural property is still the target of destruction and theft. and smuggling and illegal trade. Currently, more organized crime gangs are involved in the trade of cultural heritage objects. Trade in cultural objects is an essential source for laundering the proceeds of crime by organized crime networks, and there is a possibility that it can be used as a source of funding for terrorist groups. This research aims to state that cultural heritage rights conventions alone cannot heal the wounds caused by the looting of cultural property. From this point of view, we say that it is necessary to move towards an approach that regulates the prevention and control of illegal trade of cultural property by focusing on criminal law. Such an approach considers the acts against cultural property as transnational organized crimes and seeks to protect cultural property and its legal ownership as much as possible. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Trafficking, Cultural property, Transnational crime, Cultural heritage law, Criminal Law | ||
مراجع | ||
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