تأثیر کاربرد ترکیبات آلی بر میزان سرب، نیکل و کادمیوم لجن فاضلاب شهری )مطالعه موردی: لجن فاضلاب تصفیه خانه ساری( | ||
| فصلنامه علوم محیطی | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 22، شماره 4، 1403، صفحه 585-602 اصل مقاله (972.13 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/envs.2024.1380 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمد علی بهمنیار* 1؛ سید مصطفی عمادی1؛ مهدی قاجارسپانلو1؛ مهدی حسینی2 | ||
| 1گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران | ||
| 2گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: لجن فاضلاب شهری بدلیل اینکه حاوی مقادیر قابلتوجهی از عناصر ضروری برای رشد گیاه می باشد که قابلیت استفاده بهینه ای در فرآیند کشاورزی دارد. اما وجود عناصر سنگین از محدودیت های اصلی استفاده مستقیم این ماده در زمینهای کشاورزی میباشد. لذا هدف کلی این مطالعه، شامل بررسی نقش کاربرد اصلاحکننده آلی (کاه و کلش برنج و سرشاخه حاصل از هرس مرکبات) در لجن فاضلاب شهری و تبدیل آنها به کمپوست و زغال زیستی در کاهش میزان عناصر سنگین بوده و همچنین هدف جزئی این مطالعه، بررسی مقایسه تاثیر کمپوست و زغال زیستی بر کاهش میزان عناصر سنگین بوده است. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه بهصورت دو طرح مجزا در قالب بلوک کامل تصادفی با نه تیمار و سه تکرار در سال 1401 انجام شد. طرح اول شامل تولید کمپوست با استفاده از ترکیب لجن فاضلاب شهری با کاه و کلش برنج و سرشاخه مرکبات با نسبتهای مختلف (1:1، 1:3، 1:5 و 1:7) و همچنین طرح دوم شامل تولید زغال زیستی با استفاده از کمپوست لجن فاضلاب حاصل از طرح اول با کاه و کلش برنج و سرشاخه مرکبات با نسبتهای مختلف (1:1، 1:3، 1:5 و 1:7) بود. سپس میزان سرب، نیکل و کادمیوم کل (روش هضم با اسید نیتریک و اسید پرکلریک) و قابلجذب (عصاره گیری با DTPA) در نمونه های زغال زیستی و کمپوست لجن فاضلاب اندازه گیری شد. نتایج و بحث: براساس نتایج، تیمار کمپوست حاصل از ترکیب لجن فاضلاب+کاه و کلش برنج به نسبت (1:1) مقدار سرب و کادمیوم کل را به ترتیب به اندازه 12/37 و 29/69 درصد نسبت به شاهد (لجن فاضلاب) کاهش داد. این کاهش در مقدار سرب و کادمیوم در تیمار فوق الذکر به دلیل مقدار بالای کاه برنج نسبت به سایر تیمارهای کاه برنج و تجزیهپذیری بیشتر کاه برنج نسبت به سرشاخه مرکبات است. میزان نیکل قابلجذب در تیمارهای کمپوست + کاه برنج (1:1)، کمپوست + سرشاخه مرکبات (1:1) و (1:3) به ترتیب به اندازه 12/46، 71/48 و 03/25 درصد نسبت به شاهد (لجن فاضلاب) کاهش یافت. همچنین میزان کادمیوم قابلجذب در تیمارهای کمپوست به همراه کاه برنج (1:1)، سرشاخه مرکبات (1:1) و (1:3) به ترتیب به اندازه 97/43، 18/33 و 44/47 درصد نسبت به شاهد (لجن فاضلاب) کاهش یافت. زغال زیستی بر میزان سرب و کادمیوم کل تاثیر معنی داری داشته، به طوریکه کمترین میزان سرب و کادمیوم کل در نمونه زغال زیستی + کاه برنج با نسبت 1:1 دیده شد و میزان سرب و کادمیوم کل در این تیمار به ترتیب به اندازه 99/46 و 26/25 درصد نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت. تولید زغال زیستی از کمپوست لجن فاضلاب سبب افزایش میزان سرب و کادمیوم کل شده، اما هیچکدام از روش ها سبب کاهش معنی داری بر نیکل کل در لجن فاضلاب نگردید. اما تبدیل کمپوست لجن فاضلاب به زغال زیستی سبب کاهش معنیدار در مقدار سرب، نیکل و کادمیوم قابلجذب شد. کاه برنج و سرشاخه مرکبات در نمونه های زغال زیستی تأثیر معنی داری بر نیکل قابلجذب نداشت. نتیجه گیری: تهیه کمپوست و زغال زیستی از لجن فاضلاب تأثیر معنی داری بر عناصر سنگین کل و قابلجذب موجود در لجن داشته است. بنابراین بهمنظور کاهش قابلیت دسترسی سرب، نیکل و کادمیوم، استفاده از روش زغال زیستی نسبت به کمپوست ارجح بوده و در اولویت قرار می گیرد. درصورتیکه تولید زغال زیستی مقرونبهصرفه نباشد می توان از ترکیبات گیاهی کاه برنج و سرشاخه مرکبات در تهیه کمپوست لجن فاضلاب استفاده کرد که تأثیر معنی داری بر غیر متحرکسازی عناصر سنگین قابلجذب داشته اند. تیمار کمپوست لجن فاضلاب به همراه کاه و کلش برنج با نسبت (1:1) که کمترین میزان آلایندگی و پایینترین هزینه برای تولید را داشته، که بعنوان تیمار بهینه معرفی گردید. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| زغال زیستی؛ کمپوست؛ لجن فاضلاب؛ عناصر سنگین | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Effect of Applying Organic Compounds on the Amount of Lead, Nickel and Cadmium in Urban Sewage Sludge (Case Study: Sewage Sludge in Sari Refinery) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammad Ali Bahmanyar1؛ Seyed Mostafa Emadi1؛ Mehdi Ghajar Sepanlou1؛ Mehdi Hosseini2 | ||
| 1Department of Soil Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: urban sewage sludge contains significant amounts of essential elements for plant growth, which can be optimally used in the agricultural process. However, the presence of heavy elements is one of the main limitations of the direct use of this substance in agricultural lands. Therefore, the general purpose of this study is to investigate the role of using organic modifiers (rice straw and branches from citrus pruning) in urban sewage sludge and converting them into compost and biochar in reducing the amount of heavy elements, and also the partial purpose of this study is to compare the effect of compost and biochar on reducing the amount of heavy elements. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in two separate designs in the form of a randomized complete block with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The first plan included the production of compost using the combination of urban sewage sludge with rice straw and citrus branches with different ratios (1:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 7:1) and the second plan included the production of biochar using compost obtained from the first design with rice straw and citrus branches with different ratios (1:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 7:1). Then, the amount of total lead, nickel and cadmium (digestion with nitric acid and perchloric acid) and available (extraction with DTPA) were measured in biochar and sewage sludge compost samples. Results and Discussion: Based on the results, the treatment of compost obtained from the combination of sewage sludge + rice straw in the ratio (1:1) reduced the amount of lead and total cadmium by 37.12 and 69.29%, respectively, compared to the control (sewage sludge). This reduction in the amount of lead and cadmium in the mentioned treatment is due to the high amount of rice straw compared to other treatments of rice straw and the greater degradability of rice straw compared to the citrus branch. The amount of available nickel in the treatments of compost + rice straw (1:1), compost + citrus branch (1:1), and (1:3) decreased by 46.12, 48.71, and 25.03%, respectively, compared to the control (sewage sludge). Also, the amount of available cadmium in compost treatments with rice straw (1:1), citrus branch (1:1), and (1:3) decreased by 43.97%, 33.18%, and 47.44%, respectively, compared to the control. Biochar had a significant effect on the amount of total lead and cadmium, so that the lowest amount of total lead and cadmium was observed in biochar + rice straw with a ratio of 1:1 and the amount of total lead and cadmium in this treatment decreased by 46.99 and 25.26%, respectively, compared to the control. Production of biochar from sewage sludge compost increased the amount of total lead and cadmium. However, the conversion of sewage sludge compost into biochar caused a significant decrease in the amount of available lead, nickel, and cadmium. Rice straw and citrus branches in biochar had no significant effect on available nickel. Conclusion: The production of compost and biochar from sewage sludge had a significant effect on the total and available heavy elements in the sludge. Therefore, in order to reduce the availability of lead, nickel, and cadmium, using the biochar method is preferable to compost and is prioritized. If the production of biochar is not cost-effective, the plant compounds of rice straw and citrus branches can be used in the production of sewage sludge compost, which has a significant effect on the immobilization of available heavy elements. Sewage sludge compost with rice straw by a ratio of 1:1, which has the lowest amount of pollution and the lowest cost for production, was recommended as the optimal treatment. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| biochar, compost, sewage sludge, heavy elements | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Amir, S., Hafidi, M., Merlina, G. and Revel, J.C., 2005. Sequential extraction of heavy metals during composting of sewage sludge. Chemosphere. 59, 801–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.016. Antonkiewicz, J., Popławska, A., Kołodziej, B., Ciarkowska, K., Gambu´s, F., Bryk, M. and Babula, J., 2020. Application of ash and municipal sewage sludge as macronutrient sources in sustainable plant biomass production. Journal of Environmental Management. 264, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110450. Baker, D.E. and Amacher, M.C., 1982. Nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium. In: Page, AL, Miller R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (eds). Methods of soil analysis, Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. 2nd ed. ASA, SSSA, Madison, WI, pp. 323-334. Casado-Vela, J., Selles, S., Navarro, J., Bustamante, M.A., Mataix, J., Guerrero, C. and Gomez, I., 2006. Evaluation of composted sewage sludge as nutritional source for horticultural soils. Waste Management. 26, 946–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.016. Cerne, M., Palčić, I., Major, N., Pasković, I., Perković, J., Užila, Z. and Ban, D., 2021. Effect of sewage sludge derived compost or biochar amendment on the phytoaccumulation of potentially toxic elements and radionuclides by Chinese cabbage. Journal of Environmental Management. 293, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112955. Dede, G., Sasmaz, Z.B., Ozdemir, S., Caner, C. and Dede, C., 2023. Investigation of heavy metal and micro-macro element speciation in biomass ash enriched sewage sludge compost. Journal of Environmental Management. 344, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118330. Durdevic, D., Trstenjak, M. and Hulenic, I., 2020. Sewage sludge thermal treatment technology selection by utilizing the analytical hierarchy process. Water. 12, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051255. Figueiredo, C.C., Coser, T.R., Moreira, T.N., Leao, T.P., Vale, A.T. and Paz-Ferreiro, J., 2019. Carbon mineralization in a soil amended with sewage sludge-derived biochar. Applied Sciences. 9, 1-14. https://doi.org/ 10. 3390/ app 9214481. Filipovic, V., Cerne, M., Simůnek, J., Filipovic, L., Romic, M., Ondrasek, G., Bogunovic, I., Mustac, I., Krevh, V., Ferencevic, A., Robinson, D., Palcic, I., Paskovic, I., Goreta Ban, S., Uzila, Z. and Ban, D., 2020. Modeling water flow and phosphorus sorption in a soil amended with sewage sludge and olive pomace as compost or biochar. Agronomy. 10, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081163. Gutierrez, M.C., Serrano, A., Siles, J.A., Chica, A.F. and Martín, M.A., 2017. Centralised management of sewage sludge and agro-industrial waste through co-composting. Journal of Environmental Management. 196, 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.042. He, L., Zhong, H., Liu, G., Dai, Z., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2019. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by biochar: mechanisms, potential risks and applications in China. Environmental Pollution. 252, 846–855. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.151. Jin, J., Lia, Y., Zhang, J., Wu, S., Cao, Y., Liang, P., Zhang, J., Hung, M., Wang, M., Shand, S. and Christie, K., 2016. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on properties and environmental safety of heavy metals in biochars derived from municipal sewage sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 320, 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jhazmat. 2016. 08. 050. Karimi, F., Rahimi, Gh. and Khademi Jolgeh Nezhad, A., 2019. Application of biochar derived sewage sludge on fractionation of copper and zinc in the presence of earthworms in calcareous contaminated soils. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 9, 1-21. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22069/ ejsms. 2019.15244.1823. Khaefi, F., Hosseinpur, A. and Motaghian, H., 2021. Short-Term Effect of Sewage Sludge Biochar on Availability and Fractionation of Pb in a Contaminated Calcareous Soil. Journal of Soil Research. 4, 514-501. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijsr.2021.352675.570. Khanmohammadi, Z., Afyuni, M. and Mosaddeghi, M.R., 2015. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and physical properties of sewage sludge biochar. Waste Management & Research. 33, 275-283. https://doi.org/10. 1177/ 0734242X14565210. Lahori, A.H., Mierzwa-Hersztek, M., Rashid, M., Kalhoro, S.A., Memon, M., Naheed, Z., Ahmed, M. and Zhang, Z., 2020. Residual effects of tobacco biochar along with different fixing agents on stabilization of trace elements in multi-metal contaminated soils. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 87, 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.07.003. Lindsay, W.L. and Norvell, W.A., 1978. Development of a DTPA test for Zinc, Iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 42, 421-428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x. Liu, H.T. and Guo, X.X., 2019. Hydroxyapatite reduces potential Cadmium risk by amendment of sludge compost to turfgrass grown soil in a consecutive two-year study. Science of The Total Environment. 661, 48–54. https:// doi. org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.053. Liu, T., Liu, B. and Zhang, W., 2014. Nutrients and heavy metals in biochar produced by sewage sludge pyrolysis: its application in soil amendment. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 23, 271–275. https://doi.org/ WOS: 00033 1987200032. Lu, T., Yuan, H., Wang, Y., Huang, H. and Chen, Y., 2016. Characteristic of heavy metals in biochar derived from sewage sludge. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 18, 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0366-y. Major, N., Schierstaedt, J., Jechalke, S., Nesme, J., Goreta Ban, S., Cerne, M., Sørensen, S.J., Ban, D. and Schikora, A., 2020. Composted sewage sludge influences the microbiome and persistence of human pathogens in Soil. Microorganisms. 8, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071020. Matos, G.D. and Arruda, M.A.Z., 2003. Vermicompost as natural adsorbent for removing metal ions from laboratory effluents. Process Biochemistry. 39, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00315-1. Mendez, A., Gomez, A., Paz-Ferreiro, J. and Gasco, G., 2012. Effects of sewage sludge biochar on plant metal availability after application to a Mediterranean soil. Chemosphere. 89, 1354–1359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.092. Mininni, G., Blanch, A.R., Lucena, F. and Berselli, S., 2015. EU policy on sewage sludge utilization and perspectives on new approaches of sludge management. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22, 7361–7374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3132-0. Qian, T., Yang, Q., Jun, D.C.F., Dong, F. and Zhou, Y., 2019. Transformation of phosphorus in sewage sludge biochar mediated by a phosphate-solubilising microorganism. Chemical Engineering Journal. 359, 1573–1580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.015. Rao, B., Zhu, Y., Yu, M., Lu, X., Wan, Y., Huang, G. and Liu, X., 2019. High-dry dewatering of sludge based on different pretreatment conditions. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 122, 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.12.018. Razzaghi, F., Obour, P.B. and Arthur, E., 2020. Does biochar improve soil water retention? A systematic review and metaanalysis. Geoderma. 361, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114055. Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Abbas, T., Adrees, M., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Ibrahim, M., Abbas, F., Qayyum, M.F. and Nawaz, R., 2018. Residual effects of biochar on growth, photosynthesis and cadmium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Cd stress with different water conditions. Journal of Environmental Management. 206, 676–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.035. Stefanowicz, A.M., Kapusta, P., Zubek, S., Stanek, M. and Woch, M.W. 2020. Soil organic matter prevails over heavy metal pollution and vegetation as a factor shaping soil microbial communities at historical Zn–Pb mining sites. Chemosphere. 240, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124922. Torri, S.I. and Lavado, R.S., 2008. Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludge. Waste Management. 28, 821–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.020. Wójcik, M. and Stachowicz, F., 2019. Influence of physical, chemical and dual sewage sludge conditioning methods on the dewatering efficiency. Powder technology. 344, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.12.001. Yuan, X., Leng, L., Huang, H., Chen, X., Wang, H., Xiao, Z., Zhai, Y., Chen, H. and Zeng. G., 2015. Speciation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metal in bio-oil from liquefaction/pyrolysis of sewage sludge. Chemosphere. 120, 645-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.010. Yue, Y., Cui, L., Lin, Q., Li, G. and Zhao, X., 2017. Efficiency of sewage sludge biochar in improving urban soil properties and promoting grass growth. Chemosphere. 173, 551–556. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.096. Zhang, X., Wang, H., He, L., Lu, K., Sarmah, A., Li, J., Bolan, N.S., Pei, J. and Huang, H., 2013. Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Environmental Science Pollution Research. 20, 8472–8483. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11356-013-1659-0. Zhang, X., Wang, X.Q. and Wang, D.F., 2017. Immobilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge during land application process in China: A review. Sustainability, 9, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112020. Zhang, X., Zhao, B., Liu, H., Zhao, Y. and Li, L., 2022. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on biochar’s characteristics and speciation and environmental risks of heavy metals in sewage sludge biochars. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 26, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102288. Zhao, Y., Chen, Y., Dai, H., Cui, J., Wang, L. and Sui, P., 2021. Effects of organic amendments on the improvement of soil nutrients and crop yield in sandy soils during a 4-year field experiment in Huang-Huai-Hai plain, northern China. Agronomy. 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010157. Zhen, G., Lu, X., Kato, H., Zhao, Y. and Li, Y.Y., 2017. Overview of pretreatment strategies for enhancing sewage sludge disintegration and subsequent anaerobic digestion: Current advances, full-scale application and future perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 69, 559-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.187. Zhou, J., Yu, Y.W., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y.H. and Zhang, C., 2019. Effect of biochar on available heavy metals during sewage sludge composting and land application of compost. Huan Jing ke Xue, 40, 987-993. https:// doi.org/ 10. 13227/j.hjkx.201804184. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 7,303 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 5,692 |
||