آموزش عالی و بازار کار: بررسی تطابق برنامه درسی با تحصیلات مورد نیاز مشاغل با میانجیگری شایستگی کارآفرینانه | ||
| مدیریت و برنامه ریزی در نظام های آموزشی | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 17، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 32، 1403، صفحه 131-154 اصل مقاله (1.31 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/mpes.2024.233944.1398 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| محمد حسنی* | ||
| استاد گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| هدف: نظام آموزش عالی بهعنوان یکی از دو اهرم اصلی تعلیم و تربیت، مسئولیت تربیت بخش عظیمی از نیروی انسانی متخصص و کارآمد مورد نیاز بازار کار را در سطوح و رشتههای مختلف برعهده دارد و یکی از مؤلفههای مهم برای قضاوت درباره کارآیی داخلی و خارجی نظامهای آموزش عالی، کیفیت آموزش نیروی انسانی در هماهنگی با نیازها و تغییرات بازار کار است. عدم توجه به این امر، منجر به تربیت دانشآموختگانی خواهد شد که بین دانش و مهارتهای آنان با نیازها و الزامات مشاغل تناسبی وجود ندارد و افزایش روزافزون شمار بیکاران تحصیلکرده حاکی از عدم تطابق آموزشهای ارائه شده در دانشگاه با نیازهای واقعی بازار کار است. از طرفی مؤسسات آموزش عالی دانشجویان را با تمرکز بر مهارتهای انضباطی، آکادمیک و فنی آموزش میدهند، در حالی که اغلب آنها در کنار این شایستگیهای تخصصی، فاقد مهارتهای نرم هستند. این شایستگیها و مهارتها از موضوعات مرتبط با کلیه رشتهها و مورد نیاز در تمام مشاغل مدرن و مسیرهای حرفهای شغلی هستند و توسعه مهارتها و شایستگیهای کارآفرینی از اهمیت ویژهای برخوردار است؛ زیرا سطوح بالاتر مهارتهای کارآفرینی، احتمال تحصیل بیش از حد، برای فارغالتحصیلان دانشگاهی را کاهش میدهد و به افراد کمک میکند تا مشاغل بهتری به دست آورند، حتی اگر به جای مشاغل خوداشتغالی به دنبال شغلی با دریافت حقوق باشند؛ از اینرو هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی میزان تأثیر کیفیت برنامه درسی بر عدم تطابق تحصیلات مورد نیاز مشاغل، با توجه به نقش میانجی شایستگی کارآفرینانه در فارغالتحصیلان شاغل بود. مواد و روشها: این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی و به لحاظ روش گردآوری دادهها و تجزیه و تحلیل آنها، پژوهشی پیمایشی-توصیفی مبتنی بر مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را کلیه دانشآموختگان مقطع کارشناسی دانشگاه ارومیه از سال 1395 تا سال 1400 به تعداد 9335 نفر تشکیل دادند که در حال حاضر اشتغال به کار داشتند. با استناد به فرمول کوکران 411 نفر با روش نمونهگیری تصادفی بهعنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای جمعآوری دادهها از پرسشنامههای استاندارد عدم تطابق افقی و عمودی چاوادی و همکاران (2022)، کیفیت برنامه درسی محمدشفیع و همکاران (1399) و شایستگی کارآفرینانه جانسو سولو و همکاران (2022) استفاده شد. روایی صوری و محتوایی پرسشنامهها براساس نظر خبرگان، بررسی و تأیید شد و بهمنظور بررسی روایی سازه ابزارهای پژوهش، از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی به وسیله نرمافزار لیزرل استفاده شد و پایایی ابزارها نیز محاسبه و مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادههای حاصل از پرسشنامهها و مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری از نرمافزار لیزرل استفاده شد. بحث و نتیجهگیری: نتایج پژوهش حاکی از این بود که کیفیت برنامه درسی تاثیر معنادار و منفی بر عدم تطابق تحصیل-شغل (28/4=P< 0/01، t) و تاثیری مستقیم بر شایستگی کارآفرینی داشته (3/36=P< 0/01، t) و بین بین شایستگی کارآفرینی با عدم تطابق تحصیل-شغل نیز رابطهای منفی و معنادار برقرار بود (5/53=P< 0/01،t)؛ شایستگی کارآفرینانه در رابطه بین کیفیت برنامه درسی با عدم تطابق تحصیل-شغل نقشی میانجی داشت (0/06=P< 0/01، ß ). با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده، دانشگاهها و مؤسسات آموزش عالی باید علاوه بر کارکردهای علمی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی، به انتظارات تجاری جامعه توجه نمایند و دانشجویان خود را با برنامههای درسی متناسب با نیازهای بازار کار بپرورانند، چرا که این تناسب باعث بهبود قابلیت اشتغال فارغالتحصیلان دانشگاهی شده و تا حدودی معضل اشتغال و تولید کشور را با تکیه بر نیروی انسانی متخصص، کارآفرین، ماهر و شایسته جبران مینماید. از طرفی توجه به تدوین برنامه درسی مبتنی بر شایستگیهای کارآفرینانه و تدارک دورههای موازی کارآفرینپرور و شایستگی گستر قادر است در کنار ارائه مهارتهای تخصصی، با گسترش مهارتهای نرم دانشآموختگان، جایابی آنها را در مشاغل مرتبط با رشتهتحصیلی دانشگاهیشان تسهیل نماید. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| عدم تطابق تحصیل-شغل؛ کیفیت برنامه درسی؛ شایستگی کارآفرینانه؛ بازار کار | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Higher Education and the Labor Market: Examining the Curriculum Compliance with the Required Education of Jobs by Mediation of Entrepreneurial Competency | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammad Hassani | ||
| Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Objectives: As one of the two main levers of education, the higher education system is responsible for training a large part of skilled and efficient human resources required by the labor market at different levels and disciplines and one of the important components for judging the internal and external efficiency of higher education systems is the quality of human resources training in harmony with the needs and changes of the labor market. Failure to pay attention to this issue will lead to the training of graduates whose knowledge and skills are not proportional to the needs and requirements of jobs, and the ever-increasing number of educated unemployed indicates that the training provided in the university does not match the real needs of the labor market. On the other hand, higher education institutions train students by focusing on disciplinary, academic, and technical skills, while most of them lack soft skills in addition to these specialized competencies. These competencies and skills are related to all disciplines and required in all modern jobs and career paths, and the development of entrepreneurial skills and competencies is of particular importance; because higher levels of entrepreneurial skills reduce the likelihood of over-education for university graduates and help people get better jobs, even if they are looking for salaried jobs rather than self-employment; therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of educational program quality on the mismatch of education required by jobs concerning the mediating role of entrepreneurial competencies in the graduates. Materials and Methods: In terms of the purpose of this research, it was an applied research type and in terms of the method of data collection and analysis, it was a survey-descriptive research based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research consisted of all undergraduate students of Urmia University from 2016 to 2021 in the number of 9335 people who were currently employed. Based on Cochran's formula, 411 people were selected as samples by random sampling method. To collect data, used standard questionnaires of horizontal and vertical mismatch by Chavadi et al. (2022), curriculum quality by Mohammad Shafi et al. (2020), and entrepreneurial competence by Janso Solu et al. (2022). The face and content validity of the questionnaires were checked and confirmed based on the opinion of experts, and to check the construct validity of the research tools, confirmatory factor analysis was used by Lisrel software, and the reliability of the tools was also calculated and confirmed. Lisrel software was used to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires and to model the structural equations. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the research indicated that the quality of the curriculum had a significant and negative effect on education-job mismatch (t=-4.28, P<0.01) and had a direct effect on the entrepreneurial competence (t=3.36, P<0.01) and there was a negative and significant relationship between entrepreneurial competence and education-job mismatch (t=-5.53, P<0.01); Entrepreneurial competence had a mediating role in the relationship between curriculum quality and education-job mismatch (ß = 0.06, P < 0.01). According to the obtained results, universities and institutions of higher education in addition to scientific, cultural, and social functions, should pay attention to the business expectations of society and train their students with curricula that match the needs of the labor market, because this suitability improves the employability of university graduates and partially compensates the country's employment and production problem by relying on expert, entrepreneurial, skilled and competent human resources. On the other hand, paying attention to developing a curriculum based on entrepreneurial competencies and preparing parallel entrepreneurial and competency-enhancing courses can facilitate their placement in jobs related to their academic field by expanding the soft skills of graduates, in addition to providing specialized skills. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Education-job Mismatch, Curriculum Quality, Entrepreneurial Competence, Labor Market | ||
| مراجع | ||
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