‒ Aksit, Bahattin (1991), In: Islam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics and Literature in a Secular State, Richard L. Tapper (Ed). New York and London: I.B Tauris. ‒ An-Naim, Abdullah

–Ahmed (2008), Islam and the Secular state: Negotiating the future of Sharia, Cambridge and Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

‒ Aytürk, Ilker (2011), The Racist Critics of Ataturk and Kemalism, from the 1930s to the 1960s, Journal of Contemporary History, 46(2): 308–335. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022009410392411 ‒ Azak, Umut (2012), Secularists as the Saviors of Islam: Rearticulation of Secularism and the Freedom of Conscience in: Berna Turam(Ed). Secular state and Religious society: two forces in play in Turkey, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

‒ Azak,Umut (2010), Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Kemalism, Religion and The Nation State, London and New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.

‒ Barbier. Maurice (2004), Political Modernity.Translated by Abdolvahab Ahmadi.Tehran: Agah Publication. [in Persian].

‒ Bozarslan, Hamit (1402), History of Modern Turkey, Tehran, Amirkabir Publications( in Persian).

‒ Balci, Tamer (2009), From Nationalization of Islam to Privatization of Nationalism: Islam and Turkish National Identity, History Studies, International Journal of History Studies, Volume 1/1. Available at : http://www.historystudies.net/eng/dergiayrinti/from-nationalization-of-islam-to-privatization-of-nationalizm-islam-and-turkish-national-identity_99

‒ Berkes, Niyazi (1964), The Development of Secularism in Turkey, London: McGil University Press.

‒ Cagabtay, Soner (2006), Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey Who is a Turk ? , London and New York: Routledge.

‒ Entekhabi, Nader (1392), Religion, state and Modernity, Tehran, Hermes Publication( in Persian).

‒ Haarscher.Guy(2007), Laicite.Translated by Abdolvahab Ahmadi.Tehran: Agah Publication.[in Persian]

‒ Hamilton, Malcolm (2001), The sociology of Religion: Theoretical and comparative perspectives, London and New York: Routledge.

‒ Hampton, Jean(1998), Political Philosophy,Tehran: Tarhe no Publication.[in Persian]

‒ J. Shaw,Stanford and Ezel Kural Shaw(1977), History Of The Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey,Volume II, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

‒ Jamali far.Mehdi (2012), Turkey Alevis.Tehran: Amirkabir Publication. [in Persian] ‒ Jan. Zurcher, Erik (1975), Turkey, A. Modern History, Third Edition, London and New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.

‒ Jan. Zurcher, Erik (2010), The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey. London and New York: I. B. Tauris.

‒ Koker, Tolga (2010), The Establishment of Kemalist Secularism in Turkey, Middle East Law and Governance, 2: 17–42. Available at: https://homes.izmirekonomi.edu.tr/aakan/establishment%20of%20Kemalist%20secularism%20in%20Turkey.pdf

‒ Lenor G.Martin (2000), New Frontiers in The Middle East Security.Tehran: The Research Institute for Strategic Studies.[in Persian]

‒ Lewis, Bernard (1961), The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Londen: Oxford Untversity Press

‒ Maclure, Jocelyn and Taylor, Charles (2011), Secularism and freedom of conscience, Cambridge and Massachusetts: Harvard university press.

‒ Mardin,Serif (2008), Islam in 19 and 20 century Turkey, In: Turkey in the Twentieth century, Edit by Erik jan zurcher, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz verlag

‒ Mutluer, Nil (2018), Diyanet’s Role in Building the ’Yeni (New) Milli’ in the AKP Era, European Journal of Turkish Studies, 27. Available at: https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/5953

‒ Orhan, Özgüç (2013), The Paradox of Turkish Secularism, Turkish Journal of Politics , 4 (1), Available at: https://ia903401.us.archive.org/4/items/the-paradox-of-turkish-secularism/The_paradox_of_Turkish_secularism.pdf ‒

-Poulton, Hugh (1997), Top Hat, Grey Wolf and Crescent, Turkish Nationalism and The Turkish Republic.Washington Square and New York: New York University Press. ‒

-Saygin, Tuncay and Önal, Mehmet (2008), Secularism From The Last Years Of the Ottoman Empire To The Early Turkish Republic, Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 7 (20): 26-48.Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=2b366b27e6344ecd33076ef4fcd36d4b1e61f2a0

‒ Serdar Akturk,Ahmet (2010), Arabs in Kemalist Turkish Historiography, Middle Eastern Studies, 46 (5), 633–653. Aavailable at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20775068

‒ Saeid, Babi (2008), The fundamental fear, the translation of GH Jamshidiha and Mosa Anbari, Tehran: Tehran University Press. [in Persian]

‒ Toolabi. Tooran (2016), An Egyptian Prince as a Critic of Ottoman Political Structure: Mustafa Fazıl Paşa and His ‘‘Paris’ten Bir

‒ Mektup’’, Iranian Journal for the History of Islamic Civilization. Volume 49. Issue 1. [in Persian]

‒ Soleimani. Kamal (2023), Islam and Competing Nationalisms in the Middle East.Translated by Mehdi Rezaei. Hague: Iran Academia. [in Persian]

‒ Toprak, Binnaz (2005), Secularism and Islam: The Building of Modern Turkey, Macalester International, 15, Article 9. Available at: Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol15/iss1/9

‒ Versan,Vakur(1984),The Kemalist Reform of Turkish Law and Its Impact, in: Ataturk and the modernization of Turkey. Jacob M. Landau (Ed), Leiden and The Netherlands: Westview Press, Inc.

‒ Vassigh, chidan (1384), What is Laicite, Tehran: Akhtaran Publication.[in Persian]

‒ Winter,Michael (1984), The Modernization of Education in Kemalist Turkey,in: Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey. Jacob M. Landau (Ed), Leiden and The Netherlands: Westview Press, Inc.

‒ Waxman,Dov (2009), Islam and Turkish national identity: A Reappraisal, The Turkish year book, Vol.xxx. Available at: https://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/islam-and-turkish-national-identity--ankara-univ.-year-book-2000.pdf

‒ Yavuz, M. Hakan (2003), Islamic political Identity in Turkey, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

‒ Yavuz,M. Hakan (2010), Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey. The translation of ahmad azizi,Tehran: Nashr-e Ney.( in Persian)

‒ Yavuz, M Hakan and Ardi Ozturk, Ahmet (2019), Turkish secularism and Islam under the reign of Erdoğan, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies Volume 19, Issue 1, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2019.1580828

‒ Zürcher E.-J. & Atabaki T. (2004), Men of order. Authoritarian modernization under Atatürk and Reza Shah, The translation of Tehran: Ghoghnoos. [in Persian]

‒ Zala,Miklos (2019), Secularism in political philosophy, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1388