ارزیابی برنامه‌های مدیریت حفاظتی گوزن زرد ایرانی در مراکز تکثیر اولیه ایران

یزدان داد, حسین; صوفی, محمود; رضایی, حمید رضا; علی آبادیان, منصور; قاسمپوری, سید محمود

doi:10.48308/envs.2024.1455

	ارزیابی برنامه‌های مدیریت حفاظتی گوزن زرد ایرانی در مراکز تکثیر اولیه ایران
فصلنامه علوم محیطی
مقاله 9، دوره 23، شماره 4، دی 1404، صفحه 953-972 اصل مقاله (932.97 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/envs.2024.1455
نویسندگان
حسین یزدان داد¹؛ محمود صوفی²؛ حمید رضا رضایی³؛ منصور علی آبادیان⁴؛ سید محمود قاسمپوری^* ¹
¹گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط ‌زیست، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران
²انستیتو حفاظت و اکولوژی دورل، دانشگاه کنت، کنتربری، انگلستانꓼ گروه جغرافیای زیستی حفاظت، دانشگاه هومبولت برلین، آلمان
³گروه مدیریت حیات وحش، دانشکدة شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
⁴گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
چکیده
سابقه و هدف: گوزن زرد ایرانی،Dama mesopotamica Brooke, 1875 در اتحادیه بین‌المللی حفاظت یک گونة در معرض خطر انقراض است که در ایران محدود به حفاظت در مراکز تکثیر است. برنامة مدیریت حفاظتی آن در برخی از مراکز کارایی نسبتاً خوبی داشت اما در بعضی مراکز ناموفق بود و برچیده شد. جمعیت بنیان‌گذار محدود، درون‌آمیزی، خلوص و فرسایش ژنتیکی از عمده مشکلات این گونه است. هدف از این تحقیق ارزیابی برنامه حفاظتی این گونه در زیستگاه‌های اولیه آن است. بدین منظور اوضاع و شرایط زیستگاهی، جمعیتی، چالش‌های مدیریتی، راهکارهای حفاظتی همچنین تهدیدهای ناشی از عوامل انسانی و محیطی در کنار عملکرد روش مدیریتی در مراکز تکثیر گوزن زرد در سه استان خوزستان، مازندران و آذربایجان ارزیابی شد که می‌توانند بر کارایی مراکز تکثیر گوزن زرد تأثیرگذار باشند. مواد روش‌ها: به‌منظور شناخت چالش‌های مدیریتی در دو گروه عمدة زیستگاهی و جمعیتی، بازدیدهای میدانی دوره‌ای و مصاحبه با کارشناسان انجام شد. سپس مطلوبیت شرایط زیستگاهی در مراکز تکثیر مختلف با روش امتیازدهی و رتبه‌بندی با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. ارزیابی تهدیدهای انسانی و محیطی همچنین عملکرد مدیریتی در مناطق به کمک دستورالعمل IUCN با مصاحبه کارشناسان صورت گرفت. این تهدیدها به ترتیب با 44 و 35 فاکتور محیطی و انسانی همچنین 34 فرصت مدیریتی با شدت اثرات مختلف شناسایی و با نمرات (۰-۱-۲-۳) امتیاز‌دهی شدند. آنگاه با کمک تحلیل واریانس میانگین امتیازات در بخش تهدیدهای محیطی و انسانی بعلاوه فرصت مدیریتی بین مناطق مختلف با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. نتایج و بحث: باوجود همبستگی مثبت بین چالش‌های زیستگاهی و جمعیتی، ازنظر آماری معنی‌دار نبود (30/0P-value>). محدودیت مساحت، کمبود منابع مصرفی و غیر مصرفی، فشار طعمه‌خواری، فجایع محیطی، جدال مرگبار بین نرها، بیماری، درون‌آمیزی و سقط‌جنین یا نا مانایی نوزادان، مارگزیدگی در مناطق خشک و گاهی توپوگرافی نامناسب کوهستانی از مهم‌ترین مخاطرات جمعیت گوزن زرد هستند. نتایج رتبه‌بندی زیستگاهی، تفاوت معنی‌داری را نشان داد (05/0 P-value<). پناهگاه حیات‌وحش دشت ناز با کسب 65% امتیاز در مقایسه با بقیه مراکز تکثیر شرایط بهتری داشت درحالیکه جزیره اشک و دز در حد متوسط (به ترتیب با 52% و 50%) و کرخه (46%) شرایط ضعیف‌تری داشتند. طبق نتایج ارزیابی تهدیدها، عمده مناطق در سطوح تهدید زیاد یا متوسط قرار داشت. میانگین سطح تهدیدهای محیطی و انسانی به‌ترتیب در پناهگاه حیات‌وحش دشت ناز (35%-24%)، در جزیره اشک (45%-32%)، در پارک ملی کرخه (55%-51%) و پارک ملی دز (60%-55%) برآورد گردید. امتیاز فرصت‌های مدیریتی در دشت ناز 50% (بیشتر و برتر از بقیه مناطق)، در کرخه 48%، در جزیره اشک 47% و در دز 39% (کمتر از بقیه مناطق) محاسبه گردید. از طرفی نتایج تحلیل واریانس و مقایسه بین میانگین‌ها نشان داد که اختلاف بین امتیازات تهدیدها در هر دو بخش انسانی و محیطی بین مناطق ازلحاظ آماری معنی‌دار است (01/0>P-value). اما در اثربخشی مدیریتی بین مناطق تفاوت معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد (05/0P-value>) عملکرد مدیریتی در همه مناطق از سطح ابتدایی و مقدماتی با محدودیت‌های زیاد برخوردار بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: تصمیمات مدیریتی برای بهبود حفاظت گوزن زرد شامل توسعه مساحت مراکز تکثیر، احیای پوشش گیاهی، احداث آخور و آبشخور استاندارد، تأمین آب و علوفه، احداث آب‌چاله‌ها، کنترل و دورسازی طعمه‌خواران و علفخواران رقیب، اصلاح ساختار جمعیتی، کنترل سیل و آتش‌سوزی، جلوگیری از ورود گله دام و انتقال بیماری، مدیریت گردشگری پایدار، نصب دوربین‌های مداربسته، کاهش تعارضات انسانی، آموزش جوامع محلی و گسترش سطح مشارکت مردمی است. ارتقای سطح حفاظتی مراکز تکثیر بعلاوه رهاسازی و پایش گوزن زرد در طبیعت آزاد به‌عنوان هدف اصلی تکثیر در اسارت است. بهبود و به‌روزرسانی تصمیمات بعلاوه پایش مستمر عملکرد مدیریتی باید طبق برنامه عمل و استراتژی بلندمدت هدفمند اجرایی صورت گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تهدیدهای زیستگاهی و جمعیتی؛ تعارضات استفاده‌ انسانی؛ تصمیمات مدیریتی؛ گوزن زرد ایرانی- مناطق تحت حفاظت
عنوان مقاله [English]
Evaluating Conservation Management Plans for Persian Fallow Deer at Primary Captive Breeding Sites in Iran
نویسندگان [English]
Hossein Yazdandad¹؛ Mahmood Soofi²؛ Hamid Reza Rezaei³؛ Mansour Aliabadian⁴؛ Seyed Mahmoud Ghasempouri¹
¹Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor
²Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom. Conservation Biogeography Lab, Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin,
³Department of wildlife management, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR),
⁴Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad
چکیده [English]
Introduction: The Persian fallow deer, Dama mesopotamica Brooke, 1875, is an endangered species according to the IUCN and is currently limited to captive breeding in Iran. The conservation management program has been relatively effective in some locations but unsuccessful in others, leading to its collapse. Key issues include a limited founder population, inbreeding, purity concerns, and genetic erosion. This study aims to evaluate the conservation program for fallow deer in its primary habitats. We assessed habitat and population conditions, management challenges, conservation strategies, human-induced and environmental threats, and the effectiveness of management measures at captive breeding sites across three provinces: Khuzestan, Mazandaran, and Azerbaijan. These factors significantly influence the operation of fallow deer captive breeding sites. Material and Methods: We conducted periodic field surveys and interviews with experts to identify management challenges related to habitat and population,. Habitat suitable conditions at captive sites were compared using a scoring and ranking method. Human-induced and environmental threats, along with management opportunities, were assessed based on IUCN guidelines and expert interviews. A total of 44 and 35 factors respectively related to two main group of human-induced and environmental threats also 34 management opportunities were identified, each factor scored based on their intensity of effect (0-1-2-3). Next, we performed an analysis of variance to compare mean scores across the three sectors in different regions. The habitat suitability was evaluated and ranked in different sites compared to each other. Results and Discussion: Despite a positive correlation between habitat conditions and demographic challenges, this relationship was not statistically significant (P-value > 0.30). Major threats included limited site area, resource shortages, predation, environmental disasters, adult fights, disease outbreaks, inbreeding, abortion or unviable newborns, snakebites, and occasionally unsuitable mountain topography. Habitat ranking revealed significant differences among sites (P-value < 0.05), with Dasht-e Naz Wildlife Refuge achieving the highest rank at 65%. Ashk Island and Dez National Park had medium rankings at 52% and 50%, respectively, while Karkheh ranked lower at 46%. Most regions were found to be at high or medium threat levels. The average levels of environmental and human-induced threats were calculated as follows: Dasht-e Naz (35%-24%), Ash Island (32%-45%), Karkheh National Park (55%-51%), and Dez (55%-60%). The average percentage of score for management opportunities was highest in Dasht-e Naz at 50%, followed by Karkheh at 48%, Ashk Island at 47%, and Dez at 39%. Analysis of variance indicated statistically significant differences between threat scores in both human-induced and environmental sectors (P-value < 0.01). However, no significant difference was observed in management situations across regions (P-value > 0.05). Overall management effectiveness was deemed basic across all regions, with notable deficiencies and limitations. Conclusion: Management decisions aimed at enhancing the conservation plan should include expanding site areas, restoring vegetation, constructing standard water troughs and forage mangers, providing water and forage resources, building water holes, controlling predators and competing herbivores, adjusting population structures, managing flood and fire risks, preventing livestock incursions and disease transmission, promoting sustainable tourism practices, installing closed-circuit cameras, reducing human-wildlife conflicts, educating local communities, and increasing public participation. Improving the conservation status of captive sites while also focusing on the release and monitoring of fallow deer in the wild remains a primary goal of captive breeding. Moreover, improving management decisions should take into account using advanced techniques and methods. Finally, continuous monitoring of management effectiveness should be integrated into action plans with long-term targeted implementation strategies.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Habitat and population threats, human-use conflicts, management decisions, Persian fallow deer, ‎ protected areas

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