زبان حقوقی و ناپایداری مفاهیم: تحلیل واسازانه رویه قضایی دیوان اروپایی حقوق بشر | ||
| فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی | ||
| مقاله 18، دوره 28، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 112، آذر 1404، صفحه 327-346 اصل مقاله (709.2 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/jlr.2025.237947.2821 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| محسن مرهونی* | ||
| . دکتری، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی: واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران mohsenmarhouni@gmail.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| زبان حقوقی یکی از مهمترین ابزارهای نظامهای قضایی برای تضمین عدالت و تفسیر مفاهیم پیچیده حقوق بشر بهشمار میآید. بااینحال، تفسیر این مفاهیم در متون حقوقی و آرای قضایی اغلب با چالشهای معنایی و تفسیری روبهرو میشود. یکی از این چالشهای اساسی، ناپایداری معناست که بهواسطه تنوع در تفسیرهای قضایی ایجاد میشود. بهعبارتی، زبان حقوقی در رویههای قضایی محاکم ثابت و پایدار نیست و همواره در معرض تغییر و بازتفسیر قرار میگیرد و بسته به بافت اجتماعی، سیاسی و فرهنگی هر جامعه دستخوش تغییر میشود. بر این اساس، مفاهیمی همچون عدالت، آزادی و کرامت انسانی بهدلیل پیچیدگیهای زبانی و تفسیری، همواره در معرض ناپایداری معنایی و تناقضهای درونی قرار دارند. این ناپایداریها میتواند به تضادهای تفسیری و حتی تناقض در آرای محاکم منجر شود. دیوان اروپایی حقوق بشر بهعنوان یکی از برجستهترین محاکم بینالمللی، نقشی کلیدی در تفسیر و اعمال حقوق بشر ایفا میکند. این مقاله با رویکرد تحلیلی، انتقادی و با استفاده از فلسفه واسازی ژاک دریدا، به بررسی ناپایداریهای معنایی و تناقضهای موجود در تفسیر مفاهیم حقوق بشر در رویه قضایی این دیوان میپردازد. واسازی به آشکارسازی تضادهای پنهان در زبان حقوقی کمک میکند و نشان میدهد که چگونه معنا در فرایند تفسیر، متغیر و ناپایدار میشود و چگونه محاکم گاه ناخواسته در دام ناپایداری معنایی و تفسیری گرفتار میشوند. در این راستا، هدف این پژوهش، سه راهکار عملی برای کاهش ناپایداریهای معنایی شامل تدوین اصول تفسیری مشخص، ایجاد سازوکار نظارتی بر انسجام آرا، و توجه به زمینههای اجتماعی- فرهنگی در تفسیر مفاهیم حقوق بشری ارائه میکند. | ||
تازه های تحقیق | ||
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| کلیدواژهها | ||
| "؛ تفسیر حقوقی"؛ تناقضهای درونی"؛ زبان حقوقی"؛ ناپایداری معنا"؛؛ "؛ واسازی" | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Legal Language and the Instability of Concepts: A Deconstructive Analysis of the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohsen Marhouni | ||
| Ph.D, Faculty of Law & Political Sciences, Islamic Azad University: Science & Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. Mohsenmarhouni@gmail.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction This paper is both research-oriented and applied, aiming to systematically analyze the issue of semantic instability in legal language and its implications for the judicial practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The central research question is how the structural features of legal language and various methods of judicial interpretation, in conjunction with different socio-cultural contexts, lead to the deferral of meaning, polysemy, and interpretive contradictions, and how these phenomena affect legal certainty, predictability, and the realization of justice. The specific objectives of the research are: identifying the linguistic and institutional mechanisms that cause instability in fundamental concepts; analyzing the involvement of social and political mechanisms in the selection of judicial meanings; and proposing institutionalizable solutions to mitigate the negative effects of semantic instability on the coherence of judicial practice; therefore, it is expected that the results will both enrich theorization about the nature of semantic instability and provide practical suggestions for reforming judicial practice. However, this paper also acknowledges its methodological limitations—including its focus on a selected set of judgments that may overlook other aspects of judicial practice—and emphasizes the need for complementary empirical studies to test the impact of institutional proposals. Ultimately, the research seeks to offer a balanced framework that both preserves the necessary flexibility for adapting interpretations to new social demands and, through clarifying interpretive criteria and strengthening institutional oversight, enhances the predictability and coherence of judicial practice; an outcome that will contribute to improving the legitimacy and effectiveness of the protection of fundamental rights. Methods The present study employs a mixed analytical-critical approach. The sources examined include selected judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (cases such as S.A.S. v. France, Baka v. Hungary, Lautsi v. Italy, KlimaSeniorinnen v. Switzerland, Almeida v. Portugal), as well as relevant theoretical texts (works by Jacques Derrida, H. L. A. Hart, Peter Goodrich, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, and other scholars). Qualitative data were extracted through a full textual analysis of the judgments; this process involved careful rereading of the texts, coding of linguistic propositions influencing interpretation, tracing chains of reasoning, and conducting a comparative analysis of interpretive patterns. The analysis combined deconstruction to reveal internal contradictions within the texts and legal hermeneutics to understand their historical-cultural contexts, thereby enabling the simultaneous examination of hidden layers of meaning and contextual exigencies. Results and Discussion The findings of this study indicate that semantic instability is a multi-causal and multifaceted phenomenon arising from the interaction of linguistic, institutional, and social elements. First, legal texts, through the use of open-ended vocabulary and general concepts, create conditions for the production of multiple and sometimes inconsistent interpretations; this structural ambiguity compels judges to fill conceptual gaps and select meanings. Second, national cultural, historical, and political contexts have a decisive influence on interpretive orientations; the same concept may acquire different meanings and legal consequences across diverse contexts. Third, legal institutions and actors (states, civil institutions, think tanks) play a guiding role in shaping meaning by presenting evidence, policy arguments, and sociological materials. Fourth, doctrines and practices such as the “margin of appreciation” have a dual function: on one hand, they allow interpretations to adapt to national realities; on the other, they can justify extensive divergences and reduce the coherence of judicial practice. Comparative analysis of the cases revealed that instances such as Lautsi (religious symbols), S.A.S. (full-face covering), and Baka (judicial reforms and judicial independence) clearly illustrate the overlap between open legal language, socio-political pressures, and institutional choices. Furthermore, the study shows that in some judgments, the Court has relied on social evidence and national statistics to justify particular readings—an approach that extends the disciplinary boundaries of law into interdisciplinary domains and transforms concepts from abstract frameworks into functional ones. The practical implications of this condition include, on the one hand, a decrease in predictability, a risk of inequality in access to rights, and the erosion of public trust; and, on the other hand, the potential for the gradual development of law in response to emerging challenges such as environmental issues, technology, and cultural diversity. Overall, the findings indicate that semantic stability in law is not a fixed matter but rather the result of a balance between linguistic precision and social exigencies. The more consciously the relationship between legal language and its cultural context is managed, the greater the possibility of achieving fairer and more coherent interpretations, thereby strengthening the legitimacy of judicial institutions. Conclusion The overall conclusion is that semantic instability in legal language is an inevitable yet manageable phenomenon. It presents both challenges to predictability and coherence of judicial practice and opportunities for expanding human rights concepts in response to new issues. To reduce its negative effects and strengthen interpretive coherence, three practical measures are proposed: 1.Formulation of clear and transparent interpretive principles at the Court level, including criteria for defining the scope of key concepts and the obligation to explain interpretive choices. 2.Establishment of monitoring and analytical mechanisms—such as jurisprudential analysis units or comparative working groups—to track coherence and interpretive trends and to publish periodic reports. 3.Requirement to include contextual analytical sections in judgments that demonstrate how cultural, historical, and social factors have influenced interpretive choices. Implementing these measures can, while preserving the necessary flexibility for law to adapt to changing realities, prevent uncontrolled fragmentation in interpretation and enhance the predictability of judicial practice. Furthermore, the findings of the study indicate that managing semantic instability requires acknowledging it as a natural part of the dynamism of legal language, rather than merely a flaw within the interpretive system. In this regard, enhancing the linguistic and interpretive literacy of judges, promoting dialogue between national and international institutions, and expanding interdisciplinary studies in the field of legal linguistics can play a decisive role. Ultimately, the main goal is not to eliminate instability, but to guide it consciously toward the realization of justice, institutional coherence, and semantic dynamism within the framework of human rights | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| "؛ Deconstruction"؛ Instability of Meaning"؛ Internal Contradictions"؛ Legal Interpretation"؛, "؛ Legal Language" | ||
| مراجع | ||
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