1. Adichie, Chimanda Ngozi. “The Danger of a Single Story.” ted Talk,
July 2009. https://www.ted.com/talkschimamanda_ngozi_adichie_
the_danger_of_a_single_story.
2. Althusser, Louis, Étienne Balibar, Pierre Macherey, and Jacques
Rancière. Reading Capital. London: New Left Books, 1970.
3. Bakhtin, Mikhail. Art and Answerability. Translated by Vadim
Liapunov. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
4. Bell, J. L. “No Taxation without Representation (Part 2).” Journal
of the American Revolution, May 22, 2013. https://allthingsliberty.
com/2013 /05/no-taxation-without-representation-part-2/.
5. Bendix, Regina. In Search of Authenticity: The Formation of
Folklore Studies. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997.
6. Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron. Reproduction in
Education, Society, and Culture. 1977. London: Sage, 2000.
7. Carretta, Vincent, ed. Unchained Voices: An Anthology of Black
Authors in the English-Speaking World of the 18th Century.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004.
8. Cooper, Michael. “The Complex History and Uneasy Present of
‘Porgy and Bess.’” New York Times, September 19, 2019.
9. Cruse, Harold. The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual: A Historical
Analysis of the Failure of Black Leadership. New York: New York
Review of Books, 2005.
10. Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2009.
11. Derrida, Jacques. Writing and Difference. Translated by Alan Bass.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
12. Dyer, Richard. The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation.
London: Routledge, 1992.
13. Dvořák, Antonín. “Real Value of Negro Melodies.” New York
Herald, May 21, 1893.
14. English Charter Circular 1 (1841): 162, quoted in Vicinus,
Industrial Muse, 2, quoted in Uglow, E. Gaskell, 103–4.
15. Fisher, Fox. “Fox Fisher on Trans Representation in Literature.”
Penguin, January 21, 2019. https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/
company-article/fox-fisher-on-trans-representation-in-literature.
16. Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton. 1848. Toronto: Broadview, 2000.
17. Gombrich, E. H. Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of
Pictorial Representation. Rev. ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1969.
18. Habermas, Jürgen. “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article
(1964).” Translated by Sara Lennox and Frank Lennox. New
German Critique, no. 3 (Autumn 1974): 49–55. https://doi.
org/10.2307/487737.
19. Hale, Dorothy J. Social Formalism: The Novel in Theory from
Henry James to the Present. Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press, 1998.
20. Hall, Stuart, ed. Representation: Cultural Representations and
Signifying Prac- tices. London: Sage, 1997.
21. Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist
Papers. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2014.
22. Herder, Johann Gottfried. Stimmen der Völker in Liedern, edited by
V. Muller. Berlin: K. Gräffer und Härter, 1813.
23. Howard, June. Form and History in American Literary Naturalism.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985.
24. Humpherys, Anne. Travels into Poor Man’s Country: The Work of
Henry Mayhew. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1977.
25. Hunt, Lynn. Inventing Human Rights: A History. New York:
Norton, 2007.
26. Jameson, Fredric. Marxism and Form: Twentieth-Century
Dialectical Theories of Literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1971.

27. Jones, Gavin. American Hungers: The Problem of Poverty in
American Litera- ture, 1840–1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 2007.
28. Kennicott, Phillip. “Despite Its Political Incorrectness Porgy and
Bess Remains an Important Work—and a Vital One.” Opera News,
Janu- ary 2020, 28.
29. Kurtzelben, Danielle. “Fact Check: Bernie Sanders and Whether
Poor Americans Vote.” npr, April 25, 2016. https://www.npr.
org/2016/04/25/475613276 /fact-check-bernie-sanders-andwhether-
poor-americans-vote.
30. Lauter, Paul. “Under Construction: Working-Class Writing.” In
New Working-Class Studies, edited by John Russo and Sherry Lee
Linkon. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005: 63–77.
31. Lukács, Georg. Essays on Realism. Translated by David Fernbach.
Cambridge, MA: mit Press, 1981.
32. Lylo, Taras. “Ideologeme as a Representative of the Basic Concepts
of Ideology in the Media Discourse.” Social Communication 3, no.
1 (August 2017): 14–20.
33. Marx, Karl. Capital. Translated by Samuel Moore and Edward
Aveling. New York: International Publishers, 1974.
34. McCaulley, Essau. “Does the Meaning of a Song Change
Depending on Who Wrote It?” New York Times, December 23,
2022. https://www .nytimes.com/2022/12/23 opinion/culturalappropriation-
black -music.html.
35. Michaels, Walter Benn. The Beauty of a Social Problem:
Photography, Auton- omy, Economy. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2015.
36. Min Joo Kim. “Gangnam style vs. squalor: Inequality in South
Korea’s most famous area.” Washington Post, July 6, 2023. https://
www .washingtonpost.com/world/2023/07/06/gangnam-seoulsouth
-korea-rich-inequality/.
37. Mitchell, W. J. T. “Representation.” In Critical Terms for Literary
Study, edited by Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin, 11–
22. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
38. Morgan, Stacy I. Frankie and Johnny: Race, Gender, and the Work
of African American Folklore in 1930s America. Austin: University
of Texas Press, 2017.
39. npr, “StoryCorps,” accessed February 26, 2024, https://www.npr.
org /series/4516989/storycorps.
40. Oxford English Dictionary, “identity politics (n).”
41. Poor Magazine. http://www.poormagazine.org. Accessed February
26, 2024.
42. Pinker, Steven. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence
Has Declined. New York: Penguin, 2011.
43. Reynold’s Newspaper, May 18, 1851, 14, quoted in Mayhew,
London Labour, 315–16.
44. Robbins, Bruce. The Servant’s Hand: English Fiction from Below.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
45. Ruttenburg, Nancy. Democratic Personality: Popular Voice
and the Trial of American Authorship. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford
University Press, 1998.
46. Scott, Mike. “‘Django Unchained’: Abomination or
Entertainment?” NOLA.com, January 3, 2013. https://www.nola.
com/entertainment_life /movies_tv/article_a18905c4-53b0-5e4a-
8cff-343d18804481.html.
47. Shakespeare, William. King Henry IV. In King Henry IV, Part One,
edited by Barbara Hodgdon, Boston: Bedford/St. Martin, 1997.
48. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. “‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’” In Can
the Subal- tern Speak? Reflections on the History of an Idea, edited
by Rosalind C. Morris, 21–80. New York: Columbia University
Press, 2010.
49. The Class Work Project, https://www.theclassworkproject.com.
Accessed: February 26, 2024.

50. Wimsatt, W. K. and M. C. Beardsley, “The Intentional Fallacy.”
Sewanee Review 54, no. 3 ( July–September 1946): 468–88.
51. Woods, Alan. “Doré’s London: Art and Evidence.” Art History 1,
no. 3 (1978): 341–59.
52. Zola, Émile. The Ladies Paradise. Translated by Brian Nelson.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.