Autonomous vehicles and environmental law: Rethinking tort liability | ||
| پژوهشهای دانش زمین | ||
| دوره 16، Special Issue - شماره پیاپی 64، آذر 1404، صفحه 1-17 اصل مقاله (1.27 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/esrj.2025.240592.1285 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Adnan Khaleel Kadhim1؛ Saad Abdulhameed Shalev2؛ Shaker Jameel Sajat Awadh3؛ Wafaa Adnan Sajid4؛ Abdalfattah Sharad5؛ Ata Amini6؛ Hosna Shafaei* 7 | ||
| 1Al-Turath University, Baghdad 10013, Iraq | ||
| 2Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq | ||
| 3Al-Mamoon University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq | ||
| 4Al-Rafidain University College Baghdad 10064, Iraq | ||
| 5Madenat Alelem University College, Baghdad 10006, Iraq | ||
| 6Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran | ||
| 7Department Water Science and Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Autonomous vehicles (AVs) pose new environmental liability challenges as a new class of vehicles rapidly takes to the road. The legal framework model for human-operated vehicles is not able to anticipate the emissions and ecological consequences of AV operations. In this Research, the authors highlight the limitations of current legal doctrines and suggest potential new models for integrating environmental accountability into AV liability registration. To create a robust liability system that focuses on environmental damages as the primary lens for AV technology manufacturers/operators to be held responsible for their ecological impacts. The use of the Multi-Factor Environmental Liability Model (MELM) was implemented through a mixed-method approach that involved legal doctrinal analysis, comparative case studies, and applying the Multi-Factor Environmental Liability Model (MELM). The process involved reviewing both primary and secondary data (statutory laws, regulatory policies, and court cases) and carrying out quantitative simulations of liability scenarios. The findings suggest that hybrid liability models, which combine strict liability and a no-fault approach, are the most effective solution. By providing price signals, these models assist in reducing emissions while keeping costs under control. The study emphasizes the importance of global regulatory harmonization and cross-disciplinary cooperation for sustainable environmental outcomes across jurisdictions. The study asserts that liability systems must adapt to pollution caused by AVs. The Research presents a hybrid model as a practical and flexible approach, emphasizing the need for continuous interdisciplinary interaction between legal scholars, environmental fellows, and engineers to achieve sustainable development of AV technology. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Environmental Liability؛ Emissions Reduction؛ Hybrid Liability Models؛ Global Harmonization؛ Interdisciplinary Collaboration | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Autonomous vehicles and environmental law: Rethinking tort liability | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Adnan Khaleel Kadhim1؛ Saad Abdulhameed Shalev2؛ shaker Jameel Sajat Awadh3؛ Wafaa Adnan Sajid4؛ Abdalfattah sharad5؛ Ata Amini6؛ Hosna Shafaei7 | ||
| 1Al-Turath University, Baghdad 10013, Iraq | ||
| 2Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq | ||
| 3Al-Mamoon University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq | ||
| 4Al-Rafidain University College Baghdad 10064, Iraq | ||
| 5Madenat Alelem University College, Baghdad 10006, Iraq | ||
| 6Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran | ||
| 7Department Water Science and Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Autonomous vehicles (AVs) pose new environmental liability challenges as a new class of vehicles rapidly takes to the road. The legal framework model for human-operated vehicles is not able to anticipate the emissions and ecological consequences of AV operations. In this Research, the authors highlight the limitations of current legal doctrines and suggest potential new models for integrating environmental accountability into AV liability registration. To create a robust liability system that focuses on environmental damages as the primary lens for AV technology manufacturers/operators to be held responsible for their ecological impacts. The use of the Multi-Factor Environmental Liability Model (MELM) was implemented through a mixed-method approach that involved legal doctrinal analysis, comparative case studies, and applying the Multi-Factor Environmental Liability Model (MELM). The process involved reviewing both primary and secondary data (statutory laws, regulatory policies, and court cases) and carrying out quantitative simulations of liability scenarios. The findings suggest that hybrid liability models, which combine strict liability and a no-fault approach, are the most effective solution. By providing price signals, these models assist in reducing emissions while keeping costs under control. The study emphasizes the importance of global regulatory harmonization and cross-disciplinary cooperation for sustainable environmental outcomes across jurisdictions. The study asserts that liability systems must adapt to pollution caused by AVs. The Research presents a hybrid model as a practical and flexible approach, emphasizing the need for continuous interdisciplinary interaction between legal scholars, environmental fellows, and engineers to achieve sustainable development of AV technology. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Environmental Liability, Emissions Reduction, Hybrid Liability Models, Global Harmonization, Interdisciplinary Collaboration | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Alawadhi, M., Almazrouie, J., Kamil, M. and Khalil, K.A., 2020. Review and analysis of the importance of autonomous vehicles liability: a systematic literature review.
International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, v. 11, p. 1227-1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-00978-9
Alobaidi, H.A., Jasim, A.K., Hadi, A.K.M., Hafedh, M.A. and Amini, A., 2025. Climate litigation and judicial activism in environmental protection. Water and Soil Management and Modeling, v. 5 (Special Issue), p. 88-100.
Bayat, B., Crasta, N., Crespi, A., Pascoal, A.M.S. and Ijspeert, A.J., 2017. Environmental monitoring using autonomous vehicles: a survey of recent searching techniques. Current opinion in biotechnology, v. 45, p. 76-84.
Buiten, M., 2024. Product liability for defective AI. European Journal of Law and Economics, v. 57, p. 239-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-024-09794-z.
Epstein, R.A., 2021. Liability rules for autonomous vehicles. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, v. 10(2), p. 218-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-03-2019-0008
Faure, M.G., 2024. The EU Environmental Crime Directive 2024: A Revolution in EU Environmental Criminal Law? Journal of Environmental Law. v. 36(3), p. 323-342.
Filiz, C., 2020. Can Autonomous Vehicles Prevent Traffic Accidents? Accident Analysis and Prevention
Floridi, L. and Sanders, J.W., 2004. On the morality of artificial agents. Journal of Minds and Machines, v. 14 (3), p. 349-379.
Geistfeld, M.A., 2017. A Roadmap for Autonomous Vehicles: State Tort Liability, Automobile Insurance, and Federal Safety Regulation. Law & Economics Journal. v. 105(6), p. 1611-1694.
Ghorashi, S.M., Karimi, M., Hatami Dezdarani, V., Zeynali, S. and Momeni, S., 2024. Non-Ideological Ecology: A Phenomenological Study of Small Urban Environments as a Living Ecology. Advances in Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, v. 2(1), p. 1-9. Doi: 10.22034/acees.2024.483785.1010
Ghorbani, S.M., Karimi, M., Hatami Dezdarani, V., Zeynali, S. and Momeni, S., 2024. Non-Ideological Ecology: A Phenomenological study of small urban environments as living ecologies. Advances in Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, V. 2(1), P. 1-9. Doi:10.22034/acees.2024.483785.1010.
Gherardini, L. and Cabri, G., 2024. The Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on Safety, Economy, Society, and Environment. World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, v. 15, 579 p. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120579
Heo, J., Lee, H., Yoon, S. and Kim, K., 2022. Responses to Take-Over Request in Autonomous Vehicles: Effects of Environmental Conditions and Cues. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, v. 23, p. 23573-23582.
Jonas, H., 1984. The imperative of responsibility: in search of an ethics for the technological age. University of Chicago Press.
Kasap, A., 2022. Warranties and preemption in the age of autonomous vehicles under us law. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, v. 12 (2), p. 1510-1538.
Kemp, R., 2018. Autonomous vehicles – who will be liable for accidents? Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review
Kleinschroth, F., Laporte, N., Laurance, W.F., Goetz, S.J. and Ghazoul, J., 2019. Road expansion and persistence in forests of the Congo Basin Nat. Sustain, v. 2(7), p. 628-634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0310-6
Lemann, A.B., 2019. Autonomous Vehicles, Technological Progress, and the Scope Problem in Products Liability. Journal of Tort Law, v.12, p.157-212.
Liu, S., 2023. Dilemma and Solution of Intelligent Vehicle Tort Liability Regulation in The Post-Civil Code Era. Academic Journal of Science and Technology. v. 5(1) (2023). DOI:10.54097/ajst.v5i1.5393
Maio, E., 2024. Reflections on Civil Liability and Autonomous Vehicles. European Journal of Commercial Contract Law
Matthias, A., 2004. The responsibility gap" Ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata. Journal of Ethics and Information Technology, v. 6(3), p. 175-183.
Miner, P., Smith, B.M, Jani, A., McNeill, G. and Gathorne-Hardy, A., 2024. Car harm: A global review of automobility's harm to people and the environment. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 115, February 2024, 103817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.103817.
Moolayil, A.K., 2018. The Modern Trolley Problem: Ethical and Economically-Sound Liability Schemes for Autonomous Vehicles. Journal of Law, Technology & the Internet, v. 9(1).
Nemtoi, G. and Ungureanu, C.G., 2021. Tortious Civil Liability in Environmental Law. European Journal of Law and Public Administration. v. 8(2), p. 26-34.
Olalekan, O.S., 2018. Autonomous vehicles and tortious liability: an Islamic perspective. Shariah Journal, v. 26, (1), p. 99-122
Rosemadi, J.F., Khong, D.W.K. and Radhakrishna, G., 2022. Civil liability of autonomous vehicles: A review of literature. IIUM Law Journal. v. 30(2), p. 155-179. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v30i2.740.
Rui, S., 2022. Research on tort liability of autonomous Vehicles in traffic accidents. BCP Social Sciences & Humanities
Shavell, S., 2019. On the Redesign of Accident Liability for the World of Autonomous Vehicles. The Journal of Legal Studies, v. 49, p. 243-285.
Soh, J., 2020. Towards a Control-Centric Account of Tort Liability for Automated Vehicles. Electrical Engineering eJournal
Świerczyński, M. and Żarnowiec, L., 2020. Law Applicable to Liability for Damages due to Traffic Accidents Involving Autonomous Vehicles. Masaryk University journal of law and technology, v. 14, p. 177-200
Taeihagh, A. and Lim, H.S.M., 2019. Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transport Reviews, v. 39(1), p. 103-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640
UNESCO, 2005. The precautionary priciples. World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST)
Wang, B., 2023. Approaches to Autonomous Driving Vehicle Traffic Accidents Liability in China. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, v. 26(1), p. 167-174. DOI:10.54254/2753-7048/26/20230901
Xue, C., 2021. Liability Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles Accidents. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Innovative Management and Economics (ISIME 2021). DOI:10.2991/aebmr.k.210803.075
Yin, J., 2021. Tort Liability for Damage Caused by Self-driving Cars., 2021 International Conference on Public Management and Intelligent Society (PMIS), p. 292-295.
Zipp, J.W., 2016. The Road Will Never Be the Same: A Reexamination of Tort Liability for Autonomous Vehicles. Transportation Law Journal, v. 43(2).
Zhai, S., Wang, L. and Liu, P., 2024. Not in Control, but Liable? Attributing Human Responsibility for Fully Automated Vehicle Accidents. Journal of Engineering, v. 33, p. 121-132. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,054 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 368 |
||