سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

شمس الدینی, علی. (1404). گردشگری و توسعه پایدار جوامع روستایی: بازخوانشی از رویکرد مشارکت‌پذیری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شیراز). , 7(14), 33-47. doi: 10.48308/sdge.2025.239751.1251
علی شمس الدینی. "گردشگری و توسعه پایدار جوامع روستایی: بازخوانشی از رویکرد مشارکت‌پذیری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شیراز)". , 7, 14, 1404, 33-47. doi: 10.48308/sdge.2025.239751.1251
شمس الدینی, علی. (1404). 'گردشگری و توسعه پایدار جوامع روستایی: بازخوانشی از رویکرد مشارکت‌پذیری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شیراز)', , 7(14), pp. 33-47. doi: 10.48308/sdge.2025.239751.1251
شمس الدینی, علی. گردشگری و توسعه پایدار جوامع روستایی: بازخوانشی از رویکرد مشارکت‌پذیری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شیراز). , 1404; 7(14): 33-47. doi: 10.48308/sdge.2025.239751.1251

گردشگری و توسعه پایدار جوامع روستایی: بازخوانشی از رویکرد مشارکت‌پذیری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شیراز)

فصلنامه علمی توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی
مقاله 5، دوره 7، شماره 14، مهر 1404، صفحه 33-47    اصل مقاله (2.6 M)
نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/sdge.2025.239751.1251
نویسنده
علی شمس الدینی*
گروه جغرافیا، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
چکیده
مقدمه: نواحی روستایی با چالش‌هایی مانند کاهش جمعیت، درآمد پایین و افول اقتصادی مواجه‌اند. حفظ کشاورزی سنتی بدون تغییر، مشکلات اجتماعی را تشدید می‌کند. توسعه گردشگری روستایی به‌عنوان راهکاری برای ارتقای معیشت، حفظ میراث فرهنگی و افزایش تاب‌آوری مناطق روستایی پیشنهاد شده است. سرمایه‌گذاری هدفمند و اصلاح سیاست‌های حمایتی در این زمینه ضروری است. با تنوع محصولات و بهبود امکانات، روستاها می‌توانند گردشگران بیشتری جذب کنند. با این حال، باید توسعه گردشگری به گونه‌ای مدیریت شود که هم به ساکنان سود برساند و هم به محیط طبیعی آسیب نرساند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش مشارکت‌پذیری جوامع روستایی در توسعه پایدار گردشگری آن‌ها است.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام شد. ابزار اصلی گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، متخصصان و کارشناسان گردشگری روستایی هستند. برای تعیین حجم نمونه از روش تمام شماری استفاده و در نهایت 30 نفر انتخاب شده است. روایی محتوایی پرسش‌نامه توسط اساتید و خبرگان حوزه گردشگری و توسعه روستایی تأیید شد. پایایی پرسش‌نامه با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شد و مقدار آن برابر با 782/0 به دست آمد. در این پژوهش از آزمون‌های مجموع نمرات، انحراف معیار و ضریب تغییرات برای اجماع نظرات بین متخصصان، از آزمون کروسکال- والیس و کندال برای ثبات بین گروهی و قابلیت اطمینان نظرات بین خبرگان و برای رتبه‌بندی معیارها و زیر معیارها از مدل تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره سلسله‌مراتبی فازی (AHP- Fuzzy) استفاده شده است.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که مؤلفه اقتصادی گردشگری با وزن نهایی 388/0، به عنوان مهم‌ترین عامل مؤثر در توسعه پایدار جوامع روستایی در شهرستان شیراز شناسایی شد. پس از آن، بعد زیست‌محیطی با وزن 240/0 در رتبه دوم اهمیت قرار دارد. همچنین، ابعاد اوقات فراغت و آموزشی با وزن 195/0 و اجتماعی- فرهنگی با وزن 185/0 به ترتیب در مراتب بعدی قرار گرفتند. بر این اساس، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که جنبه‌های اقتصادی نقش پررنگ‌تری در نگاه ذی‌نفعان نسبت به سایر ابعاد توسعه پایدار در بستر گردشگری روستایی ایفا می‌کنند.
نتیجه‌گیری: تحقق توسعه پایدار روستایی مستلزم تعامل سازنده و هم‌افزا میان جامعه میزبان (ساکنان روستا) و جامعه میهمان (گردشگران) است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که گردشگری روستایی، در صورتی که با رویکردی مشارکت‌محور و برنامه‌ریزی‌شده دنبال شود، می‌تواند بستری برای منافع چندسویه اقتصادی، اجتماعی-فرهنگی، زیست‌محیطی و آموزشی برای هر دو جامعه فراهم آورد. از دیدگاه جامعه میزبان، گردشگری موجب افزایش اشتغال، تنوع معیشتی، تقویت کسب‌وکارهای بومی و ارتقای سرمایه اجتماعی شده است. مشارکت مستقیم روستاییان در فعالیت‌های گردشگری، نه‌تنها باعث پویایی اقتصادی شده، بلکه به حفظ و بازتولید هویت فرهنگی و همبستگی اجتماعی نیز کمک کرده است. از سوی دیگر، گردشگران با دسترسی به محیط‌های اصیل روستایی، تجربه‌هایی معنادار، آرامش روانی و آموزش غیررسمی دریافت کرده‌اند که در نهایت به شکل‌گیری نگرش‌های مسئولانه، آگاهی محیط‌زیستی و احترام به تنوع فرهنگی انجامیده است. در دوران بحران کرونا، گردشگری روستایی به‌عنوان مکانی امن و درمانگر روانی برای گردشگران ظاهر شد و در عین حال، به تقویت تاب‌آوری جامعه میزبان نیز انجامید. تحلیل ابعاد چهارگانه گردشگری نشان داد که جامعه میزبان بیشتر بر مزایای اقتصادی تمرکز دارد، در حالی‌که جامعه میهمان به جنبه‌های زیست‌محیطی و آموزشی-تفریحی علاقه‌مند است. این تمایز نیازمند سیاست‌گذاری دقیق‌تری بر مبنای انتظارات هر دو گروه است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
مشارکت پذیری؛ گردشگری روستایی؛ توسعه پایدار روستایی؛ شهرستان شیراز
عنوان مقاله [English]
Rural Tourism and Sustainable Development: A Reinterpretation of the Participatory Approach (Case Study: Shiraz County)
نویسندگان [English]
Ali Shamsoddini
Department of Geography, Shi.C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction: Rural areas face challenges such as population decline, low income, and economic downturn. Maintaining traditional agriculture without change exacerbates social problems. Rural tourism development has been proposed as a solution to improve livelihoods, preserve cultural heritage, and enhance the resilience of rural regions. Targeted investment and reform of supportive policies are essential in this regard. By diversifying their product offerings and improving their facilities, villages can attract more tourists. However, tourism development must be managed in a way that benefits residents while not harming the natural environment. The present study aims to examine the role of community participation in the sustainable development of rural tourism.
Materials and Methods: This research is applied in nature and conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach. The main data collection tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of rural tourism specialists and experts. The census method was used to determine the sample size, resulting in the selection of 30 participants. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts in the fields of tourism and rural development. Reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, yielding a value of 0.782. In this study, sum scores, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation tests were used to reach consensus among experts; Kruskal-Wallis and Kendall tests assessed inter-group stability and reliability of expert opinions. For ranking criteria and sub-criteria, the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP-Fuzzy) multi-criteria decision-making model was employed.
Results and Discussion: Achieving sustainable rural development requires constructive and synergistic interaction between the host community (rural residents) and the guest community (tourists). The findings of this study indicate that rural tourism, when pursued through a participatory and well-planned approach, can provide a platform for multifaceted economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and educational benefits for both communities. From the host community’s perspective, tourism has increased employment, diversified livelihoods, strengthened local businesses, and enhanced social capital. Direct participation of villagers in tourism activities has not only stimulated economic vitality but also contributed to the preservation and reproduction of cultural identity and social cohesion. On the other hand, tourists who access authentic rural environments gain meaningful experiences, psychological relaxation, and informal education, ultimately leading to responsible attitudes, environmental awareness, and respect for cultural diversity. During the COVID-19 crisis, rural tourism emerged as a safe and therapeutic space for tourists while also strengthening the host community's resilience. Analysis of the four dimensions of tourism showed that the host community focuses more on economic benefits, whereas the guest community is more interested in environmental and educational-recreational aspects. This distinction requires more precise policymaking that accounts for the expectations of both groups.
Conclusion: chieving sustainable rural development requires constructive and synergistic interaction between the host community (village residents) and the guest community (tourists). The findings of this study indicate that rural tourism, if pursued through a participatory and well‑planned approach, can provide a platform for multiple economic, socio‑cultural, environmental, and educational benefits for both communities.From the host community’s perspective, tourism has led to increased employment, livelihood diversification, strengthening of local businesses, and the enhancement of social capital. The direct involvement of villagers in tourism activities has not only stimulated economic dynamism, but has also contributed to the preservation and reproduction of cultural identity and social cohesion.On the other hand, tourists, through access to authentic rural environments, have gained meaningful experiences, psychological relaxation, and informal learning opportunities, which ultimately have fostered responsible attitudes, environmental awareness, and respect for cultural diversity.During the COVID‑19 crisis, rural tourism emerged as a safe space and a source of psychological healing for tourists, while simultaneously enhancing the resilience of the host community.The analysis of the four dimensions of tourism showed that the host community focuses more on economic benefits, whereas the guest community is more interested in environmental and educational‑recreational aspects. This divergence calls for more precise policymaking based on the expectations of both groups.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Participatory Approach, Rural Tourism, Sustainable Rural Development, Shiraz County
مراجع

Alford, P, and Jones, R. (2020). The lone digital tourism entrepreneur: Knowledge acquisition and collaborative transfer, Tour Manag 81:104–139. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104139.

Ambelu, G., Lovelock, B., and Tucker, H. (2018). Empty bowls: conceptualising the role of tourism in contributing to sustainable rural food security. J Sustain Tour, 26(10), 1749 –1765. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1511719.

Amini, A., Bakhti, S. & Babajamali, F. (2015). Evaluating the attitude of the host community to the development of tourism in rural areas, Tourism Management Studies, 9(3), 77-106. (In Persian).

Arroyo, C., Barbieri, C., and Rich, S.R. 2013. Defining agritourism: a comparative study of stakeholders’ perceptions in Missouri and North Carolina. Tour Manag, 37, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.007.

Asghari, S. and Jafari, H. (2018). Investigating the effects of tourism on the economic and social development of rural areas (case study: villages of Talesh city). Geography, 16(57), 158-171. (In Persian).

Asmelash, A.G., and Kumar, S. (2019). Assessing progress of tourism sustainability: Developing and validating sustainability indicators. Tour Manag, 71:67–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.020.

Atun, R.A., Nafa, H., and Türker, O.O. (2019). Envisaging sustainable rural development through ‘context-dependent tourism’: case of Northern Cyprus. Environ Dev Sustain 21, 1715–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0100-8.

Carson, D.A. (2018). Challenges and opportunities for rural tourism geographies: a view from the ‘boring’ peripheries. Tour Geogr, 20(4), 737–741. https://doi.org/10.1080/4616688.2018.1477173

Cheng, L. and Zhang, J. (2020). Is tourism development a catalyst of economic recovery following natural disaster? An analysis of economic resilience and spatial variability. Curr Issues Tour, 2, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1711029.

Choi, H-S.C., and Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tour Manag, 27(6), 1274–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.018.

Chong KY, and Balasingam, A.S. (2019). Tourism sustainability: economic benefits and strategies for preservation and conservation of heritage sites in Southeast Asia. Tour Rev 74(2):268–279. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2017-0182.

Christou, P.A. (2020). Tourism experiences as the remedy to nostalgia: conceptualizing the nostalgia and tourism nexus. Curr Issues Tour 23(5):612–625.

Coria, J. and Calfucura, E. (2012). Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: the good, the bad and the ugly. Ecol Econ, 73(15), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1548582.

Cucari, N.; Wankowicz, E.; De Falco, S.E. (2019). Rural tourism and Albergo Diffuso: A case study for sustainable land-use planning. Land Use Policy. 82, 105–11.

Cunha, C., Kastenholz, E., and Carneiro, M.J. (2020). Entrepreneurs in rural tourism: do lifestyle motivations contribute to management practices that enhance sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems? J Hosp Tour Manag, 44, 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.06.007.

Dennis, D., Radnitz, C., and Wheaton, M.G. (2021). A perfect storm? Health anxiety, contamination fears, and COVID-19: lessons learned from past pandemics and current challenges. Int J Cogn Ther 14:497–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-021-00109-7.

Di, T.F. and Laura, M. (2021). How green possibilities can help in a future sustainable conservation of cultural heritage in Europe. Sustainability 13(7), 3609. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073609.

Everett S, and Slocum, S.L. (2013). Food and tourism: an effective partnership? A UK-based review. J Sustain Tour 21(6):789–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.741601.

Feizi, S., Taghdisi, A. and Amini, A. (2025). Investigating the Relationship between Tourism Development and Job Creation in Rural Areas of Oraman. Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 22(4), 81-109. doi: 10.22067/jgrd.2024.86716.1393. [In Persian].

Haven-Tang, C. and Jones, E. (2012). Local leadership for rural tourism development: A case study of Adventa, Monmouthshire, UK. Tourism Management Perspectives 4, 28–35.

He, Q.F.; Ning, Z.Z. (2019). Thoughts on tourism precision poverty alleviation promoting rural revitalization in Poverty-stricken areas. Res. Agric. Mod. 40, 721–727.

Higham, J.E.S. and Ritchie, B. (2001). The evolution of festivals and other events in rural Southern New Zealand. Event Manag 7(1):39–49. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599501108751461.

Juschten, M. and Hössinger, R. (2020). Out of the city - But how and where? A model destination choice model for urban–rural tourism trips in Austria. Curr Issues Tour 24(10):1465–1481. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1783645.

Kabadayi, S., O’Connor, G., and Tuzovic, S. (2020). Viewpoint: the impact of coronavirus on service ecosystems as service mega-disruptions. J Serv Mark 34(6):809–817.

Kaptan, A.Ç., Cengız, T.T., Özkök, F., and Tatl, H. (2020). Land use suitability analysis of rural tourism activities: Yenice, Turkey. Tour Manag 76: 103949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.07.003.

Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M., Marques, C.P., Loureiro, S.M.C. (2018). The dimensions of rural tourism experience: impacts on arousal, memory and satisfaction. J Travel Tour Mark 35(2):189–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1350617.

Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M.J., Marques, C.P., and Lima, J. (2012). Understanding and managing the rural tourism experience—the case of a historical village in Portugal. Tour Manag Perspect 4:207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.08.009.

Kastenhoz, E., Marques, C.P., Carneiro, M.J. (2020). Place attachment through sensoryrich, emotion-generating place experiences in rural tourism. J Destin Mark Manage 17:100455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100455.

Kelliher, F., Rein, L., Johnson, T.G., and Joppe, M. (2018). The role of trust in building rural tourism micro firm network engagement: a multi-case study. Tour Manag 68:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.02.014.

Lee, J., Árnason, A., Nightingale, A., and Shucksmith, M. (2006). Networking: Social capital and identities in European rural development. Sociol Rural 45(4):269–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2005.00305.x.

Lee, T.H. and Jan, F.H. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents perceptions of the sustainability. Tour Manag 70:368–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003.

Lewis, J.B. and Delisle, L. (2004). Tourism as economic self-development in rural Nebraska: a case study. Tour Anal 9(3):153–166. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354204278122.

Li, Y., Westlund, H., and Liu, Y. (2019). Why some rural areas decline while some others not: an overview of rural evolution in the world. J Rural Stud 68:135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.03.003.

Li, Z., Zhang, X., Yang, K., Singer, R., and Cui, R. (2021). Urban and rural tourism under COVID-19 in China: research on the recovery measures and tourism development. Tour Rev 76(4):718–736. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2020-0357.

Liu, C.Y., Doub, X.T., Lia, J.F., and Caib, L.A. (2020). Analyzing government role in rural tourism development: an empirical investigation from China. J Rural Stud 79:177–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.046.

López-Sanz, J.M., Penelas-Leguía, A., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P., and Cuesta-Valiño, P. (2021). Sustainable development and rural tourism in depopulated areas. Land 10(9):985. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090985.

Ma, X., Wang, R., Dai, M., Ou, Y. (2021). The influence of culture on the sustainable livelihoods of households in rural tourism destinations. J Sustain Tour 29:1235–1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1826497.

Markey, S., Halseth, G., and Manson, D. (2008). Challenging the inevitability of rural decline: advancing the policy of place in northern British Columbia. J Rural Stud 24:409–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.03.012.

Neumeier, S. (2012). Why do Social Innovations in Rural Development Matter and Should They be Considered More Seriously in Rural Development Research? – Proposal for a Stronger Focus on Social Innovations in Rural Development Research. Sociologia Ruralis, 51(1), 48-69.

Nicholson, R.E. and Pearce, D.G. (2001). Why do people attend events: a comparative analysis of visitor motivations at four south island events. J Travel Res 39:449–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750103900412.

Nouri, R. and Amini, A. (2024). Spatial Planning of Tourism Development in Rural Areas of Markazi Province, Journol of Rural Research, 15(2), 350-362.

Oh, C.O. 2005. The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy. Tour Manag 26(1):39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.014.

Otto, J.E. and Ritchie, J.R.B. (2010). The service experience in tourism. Tour Manag 17(3):165–174.

Petrovi´c, M.D., Vujko, A., Gaji´c, T., Vukovi´c, D.B., Radovanovi´c, M., Jovanovi´c, J.M., and Vukovi´c, N. (2018). Tourism as an approach to sustainable rural development in post-socialist countries: a comparative study of Serbia and Slovenia. Sustainability 10(1):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010054.

Phillip, S., Hunter, C., Blackstock, K. (2010). A typology for defining agritourism. Tour Manag 31(6):754–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.001.

Polukhina, A., Sheresheva, M., Efremova, M., Suranova, O., Agalakova, O., Antonov-Ovseenko, A. (2021). The concept of sustainable rural tourism development in the face of COVID-19 crisis: evidence from Russia. J Risk Financ Manag 14:38. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010038.

Ram, Y., Collins-Kreiner, N., Gozansky, E., Moscona, G., and Okon-Singer, H. (2022). Is there a COVID-19 vaccination effect? A three-wave cross-sectional study. Curr Issues Tour 25(3):379–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1960285.

Rezvani, M., Akbarian, S.R., Eftekhari, A., and Badri, S.A. (2012). A Comparative Study of Economic Effects of Second Homes Tourism and Same Day Visits in Rural Areas with Sustainable Development Approach (Case study: Shemiranat County). Journal of Rural Research, 2(8), 35-62. (In Persian).

Ryu, K., Roy, P.A., Kim, H., and Ryu, H. (2020). The resident participation in endogenous rural tourism projects: a case study of Kumbalangi in Kerala, India. J Travel Tour Mark 37(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1687389.

Silva, L. and Leal, J. (2015). Rural tourism and national identity building in contemporary Europe: evidence from Portugal. J Rural Stud 38:109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.02.005.

Su, M.M., Dong, Y., Geoffrey, W., and Sun, Y. (2020). A value-based analysis of the tourism use of agricultural heritage systems: Duotian Agrosystem, Jiangsu Province, China. J Sustain Tour 28(12):2136–2155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1795184.

Sun, J., and Wang, S. (2022). Construction on evaluation system of sustainable development for rural tourism destinations based on rural revitalization strategy. Geography Researchs, 2022, 41(2): 289-306 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj020201226.

Tew, C. and Barbieri, C. (2012). The perceived benefits of agritourism: the provider’s perspective. Tour Manag 33(1):215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.005.

Theodori, G.L. (2001). Examining the effects of community satisfaction and attachment on individual well-being. Rural Sociol 66(4):618–828. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2001.tb00087.x.

UNWTO. 2021. Rural tourism. https://www.unwto.org/rural-tourism. Accessed 3 Nov 2021.

Uysal, M., Sirgy, M.J., Woo, E., and Kim, H. (2016). Quality of Life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tour Manag 53:244–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013.

Vail, D. and Hultkrantz, L. (2000). Property rights and sustainable nature tourism: adaptation and mal-adaptation in Dalarna (Sweden) and Maine (USA). Ecol Econ 35(2):223–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00190-7.

Vaishar, A. and Šťastná, M. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia preliminary considerations. Curr Issues Tour 25(2):187–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1839027.

Valentina, G. (2013). Urban Tourism Between Content And Aspiration For Urban Development," Management and Marketing Journal, University of Craiova, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, 0(1), 193-201.

World Tourism Organization. 2020. UNWTO recommendations on tourism and rural development—a guide to making tourism an effective tool for rural development. UNWTO, Madrid.

Yang, J., Yang, R.X., Chen, M.H., Su, C.H., Zhi, Y., and Xi. J.C. 2021. Effects of rural revitalization on rural tourism. J Hosp Tour Manag 47:35–45.

Yang, Z., Cai, J., and Sliuzas, R. (2010). Agro-tourism enterprises as a form of multifunctional urban agriculture for peri-urban development in China. Habitat Int 34(4):374–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.11.002.

Zawadka, J., Jęczmyk, A., Wojcieszak-Zbierska, M.M., Niedbała, G., Uglis, J., and Pietrzak-Zawadka, J. (2022). Socio-economic factors influencing agritourism farm stays and their safety during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Poland. Sustainability 14:3526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.02.008.

Zhang, Y.; Li, W.; Li, Z.; Yang, M.; Zhai, F.; Li, Z.; Yao, H.; Li, H. (2022). Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Key Rural Tourism Villages in China. Sustainability. 14, 14064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su142114064.

Zhao, W., and Brent Ritchie, J.R. (2007). Tourism and poverty alleviation: an integrative research framework. Curr Issues Tour 10(3):119–143. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit296.0

 

آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 173
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 40