گفتمان خشونت و خنده در چند کمدی منتخب از ویلیام شکسپیر | ||
| نقد زبان و ادبیات خارجی | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 19، شماره 29، اسفند 1401، صفحه 227-248 اصل مقاله (426.32 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.52547/clls.19.29.227 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| حسین محسنی* | ||
| استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در کمدی‌های ویلیام شکسپیر، خشونت نقش غیرفیزیکی ولی موثری در خوار شمردن و محروم نمودن شخصیت‌های به حاشیه رانده‌شده دارد. به موجب ذات غیرفیزیکی‌اش، می‌توان این نوع خشونت را بوسیله دیدگاه اسلاوی ژیژک پیرامون وجوه عینی و شخصی خشونت مورد بررسی قرار داد، وجوهی که در کنار یکدیگر گفتمان خشونت را شکل می‌دهند. با تمیز دادن گفتمان خشونت در کمدی‌های منتخب شکسپیر – رام کردن زن سرکش، تاجر ونیزی، و رویا در نیمه شب تابستان – مطالعه حاضر عمق پست شمردن حاشیه رانده‌شده‌ها را در این کمدی‌ها نشان خواهد داد. همچنین، مطالعه این مهم را بررسی خواهد کرد که چگونه عاملیت شخصیت‌های به حاشیه رانده‌شده با وجود اینکه در مواقعی موفق به چالش کشیدن نظام پدرسالار هستند همواره تحت سلطه وجه عینی و وجه شخصی خشونت قرار می‌گیرند. در استفاده از دیدگاه ژیژک در مورد خشونت، مطالعه حاضر از ایده او پیرامون مفهوم تعارض نیز استفاده خواهد کرد. در پایان، مطالعه با تعریف دو نوع خنده، نشان می‌دهد که گفتمان خشونت هم اعمال‌کننده خشونت و هم و به حاشیه رانده‌شده را به چالش می‌کشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کمدی؛ خشونت؛ خنده؛ اسلاوی ژیژک؛ رویا در نیمه شب تابستان؛ رام کردن زن سرکش؛ تاجر ونیزی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Violence and Laughter in Selected Comedies of William Shakespeare | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hossein Mohseni | ||
| Assistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction In order to insist upon discursive reconfiguration of violence in Shakespeare’s comedies, critics bring examples of civic and political violence, and matrimonial/domestic and erotic manipulations in plays’ real and fantastic worlds. In plays such as The Merchant of Venice, The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the manifests of non-physical violence could be identified in an epitomical manner, and afterwards one could see how such manifests of violence could be recognized in Shakespeare’s other comedies. Approach and Methodology Considering the reconfiguration of violence and elimination of physical violence, the present study reads violence in Shakespeare’s aforementioned comedies as a discursive violence. For devising a definition of this kind of violence, it uses Slavoj Zizek’s ideas on the issue of violence and how he defines violence discursively. In his definition, Zizek discriminates between the objective violence, which comes from impersonal, exclusive, systematic and so-called objective nexuses of power and subjective violence, which comes from subjective rendition of each individual from implementation of violence in sites for which objective violence has not defined any containment strategy. In the case of subjective violence, intentions and motivations behind violence are murky and uncontainable, giving its operation the necessary fluidity. While discussing the manifests of subjective violence, the present study finds instances of what Zizek calls to be antimonies; discursive points around which two rational arguments can be represented without any promise of resolution. Literature Review In the first part entitled “Objective and Subjective Violence in Shakespeare’s Comedies”, the study discerns between two kinds of violence in Shakespeare’s comedies through the utilization of Zizek’s notions on violence in Violence: Six Sideway Reflections. In “The Antimony of Victimization in Shakespeare’s Comedies”, the study utilizes Zizek’s notion of antimony next to notions of other critics such as Dympna Callaghan in Shakespeare without Women, Natasha Korda in “Household Kates: Domesticating Commodities in The Taming of the Shrew, Emily Detmer in “Civilizing Subordination: Domestic Violence and The Taming of the Shrew”, Michael Taylor in “The Darker Purpose of A Midsummer Night’s Dream” and Lisa S. Starks-Estes in Violence, Trauma and Virtus so that a less optimistic interpretation of seemingly emancipative and empowering moments for the marginalized characters – or the plays’ others – could be represented, which in turn, could show the workings of non-physical yet effective violence and subjugation against such characters. Finally, in “Discursive Laughter in William Shakespeare’s Comedies”, the present study brings Edward Berry’s discussion of Carnivalesque and Hobbesian laughter and locate Shakespearean laughter in the middle of them. Conclusion In the present study, it is indicated that the domain of the marginalized characters of Shakespeare’s comedies is in a site where the objective violence has no authority and it is subjects themselves that need to inflict the violence on them on the basis of their rendition of it. Zizek observes that these renditions are affected by what is not included in the symbolic order of the objective violence and that is why Petruchio starts not behaving in a physically violent manner, Shylock is not treated in a conventional legal term and Hermia and Helena are not contained through rational means of recuperation. It is as if all of these characters need to be dealt within antimonic sites where every possibility of resilience and liberation can be recuperated through subjective interpretations of the suppressors. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Comedy, Violence, Laughter, Slavoj Zizek, Midsummer Night Dream, The Taming of the Shrew, The Merchant of Venice | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Berry, Edward. “Laughing at others.” The Cambridge Companion to Shakespearean Comedy. Ed. Alexander Leggatt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 123-138. Callaghan, Dympna. Shakespeare without Women. London: Routledge, 2000. Detmer, Emily. “Civilizing Subordination: Domestic Violence and the Taming of the Shrew.” Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 3, 1997, pp. 273-294. Khalili Teilami, Fahimeh, and Sokhanvar, Jalal. “Shakespeare and the Holy Quran: Religious Tragedy of Hamlet and Evolution of Soul in Renaissance Man.” Critical Language and Literary Studies, vol. 19, no. 28, 2022, pp. 103-126. Korda, Natasha. “Household Kates: Demonstrating Commodities in the Taming of the Shrew.” Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 2, 1996, pp. 109-131. Moisan, Thomas. “Which is the Merchant Here? And Which the Jew? Subversion and Recuperation in the Merchant of Venice.” Shakespeare Reproduced: The Text in History and Ideology. Eds. J.E. Howard and M.F. O’Connor. London: Routledge, 2008, pp. 188- 206. Montrose, Louis Adrian. “Shaping Fantasies: Figuration of Gender and Power in Elizabethan Culture.” Shakespeare: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory 1945-2000. Ed. Russ McDonald. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004, pp. 481-509. Shakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. -----. The Taming of the Shrew. Trans. Farideh Mehdi Damghani. Tehran and Ahavaz: Nashr-e-Tir, 1999. -----. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005. -----. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Trans. Masood Farzad. Tehran: Bongah-e-Tarjomeh va Nashr-e-Ketab, 1963. -----. The Merchant of Venice. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006. Starks-Estes, Lisa S. Violence, Trauma and Virtus in Shakespeare’s Roman Poems and Plays. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Taylor, Michael. “The Darker Purpose of a Midsummer Night’s Dream.” Studies in English Literature, vol. 9, no. 2, 1969, pp. 259-273. Vomero, Kathryn. Editing Shakespeare Violence, Text and Commodity in the Taming of the Shrew. 2007. Syracuse University. BA dissertation. https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1564&context=honors_capstone. Zizek, Slavoj. Violence: Six Sideways Reflections. New York: Picador, 2008. | ||
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